Figure 4.

Hybrid nanoswimmers. (a) Silica nanosphere partially coated with catalase enables propulsion through enzymatic reactions. (b) Hollow mesoporous silica nanosphere partially coated with urease enzymes, which enables urea-fueled propulsion and toggling of movement by chemically inhibiting and reactivating the enzyme. (c) Coating a platelet cell with urease allows creation of a cell-based urea-fueled swimmer. (d) E. coli attached to capped Janus spheres provide random tumble motion to the particles, but the system can also be magnetically steered if a magnetic metal (Fe) is used for coating. (e) DNA origami nanoring that can be used for creating self-thermophoretic Janus-type assemblies. (f) Magnetic nanoswimmer with synthetic DNA origami flagella. $\overrightarrow{B}$ denotes the magnetic flux density. (a) reproduced from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2017 Elsevier. (b) reproduced from Ref. [75]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society. (c) reproduced from Ref. [48]. Copyright 2020 by American Association for the Advancement of Science. (d) reproduced from Ref. [70]. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society. (e) reproduced from Ref. [76]. Copyright 2018 John Wiley & Sons. (f) reproduced from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.