Figure 1.

Average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the (A) age-standardized prevalence rate, (B) age-standardized death rate, and (C) age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rates for protein–energy malnutrition from 1990 to 2019. AAPC was obtained representing the average percent increase or decrease in PEM rates per year over each specified period of time to summarize and compare these trends over the entire time period. Red dot represents a AAPC value greater than zero, while blue dot represents a AAPC value less than zero.