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Treatment plan and experimental conditions.
| Treatment | Condition |
|---|---|
| T0 | Control (healthy wheat plants) |
| T1 | Plants infected with pathogen (Puccinia striiformis) only |
| T2 | Plants infected with pathogen + 20 mg L−1 TiO2 NPs |
| T3 | Plants infected with pathogen + 40 mg L−1 TiO2 NPs |
| T4 | Plants infected with pathogen + 60 mg L−1 TiO2 NPs |
| T5 | Plants infected with pathogen + 80 mg L−1 TiO2 NPs |
