Table 3.
Energy and macronutrient intake and PA in women across reproductive life stages.
| Pre-Pregnancy (n = 880) |
Pregnancy (n = 117) |
Postpartum (n = 1495) |
Population Level Recommendations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Total energy (kJ) | 7781.4 ± 3118.6 | 8683.3 ± 4037.6 | 7637.2 ± 2880.8 | 8700 kJ |
| Protein (%E) | 17.8 ± 6.71 | 17.0 ± 5.48 | 18.3 ± 5.76 | 15–25% |
| CHO (%E) | 44.4 ± 11.2 | 49.4 ± 10.8 | 44.4 ± 10.7 | 45–65% |
| Total fat intake (%E) | 31.0 ± 9.14 | 30.6 ± 8.32 | 31.8 ± 8.79 | 20–35% |
| Saturated and trans-fat (%E) | 12.1 ± 4.88 | 12.3 ± 4.62 | 12.5 ± 4.74 | <10% |
| Trans-fat intake (%E) | 0.56 ± 0.36 | 0.59 ± 0.34 | 0.57 ± 0.36 | - |
| Monosaturated fat intake (%E) | 11.8 ± 4.20 | 11.3 ± 3.48 | 12.2 ± 4.14 | - |
| Added sugar (%E) | 10.3 ± 8.92 | 11.8 ± 11.44 | 9.44 ± 7.79 | <10% |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 2249 ± 1334.0 | 2295.5 ± 1190.8 | 2222 ± 1153.2 | 2000 mg/day a |
| Alcohol (%E) | 3.92 ± 9.61 | 0.07 ± 0.83 | 2.49 ± 6.46 | <10 standard drink/week b |
| Total PA (min/week) 1 | 255.4 ± 253.1 | 149.2 ± 204.6 | 201.8 ± 224.8 | ≥150 min/day |
| MVPA (min/week) 2 | 143.9 ± 248.0 | 30.6 ± 80.1 | 115.2 ± 210.7 | ≥150 min/day |
Proportion is weighted (population weight and survey design accounted); CHO, carbohydrates; MVPA, moderate–vigorous physical activity; PA, physical activity; %E, percentage energy.1 Total minutes of physical activity undertaken in last week (includes walking for transport + walking for fitness + moderate + vigorous time but does not include sessions). 2 Moderate–vigorous physical activity derived from time spent in moderate and vigorous intensity activities (moderate time + 2 times vigorous time). a Reference for sodium guideline [34]. b Reference for alcohol guideline [35].