Table 2.

Number and direction of associations from our meta-analyses (top part of table) and from studies included only in the narrative syntheses (bottom part of table).

Mental Disorder Parameters	Direct Association	Inverse Association	No Association
Meta-analyses (MA)
Common mental disorders combined	1 Cross-sectional MA: OR 1.53, 95%CI 1.43 to 1.63, p < 0.001, N = 185,773
Depression	2 (a) Prospective MA: HR 1.22, 95%CI 1.16 to 1.28; p < 0.001, N = 41,637 (b) Cross-sectional MA: OR 1.44, 95%CI 1.14 to 1.82, p = 0.002, N = 15,555
Anxiety	1 Cross-sectional MA: OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.37 to 1.59, p < 0.001, N = 101,709
Narrative synthesis of individual studies
Common mental disorders combined	1 (Faisal-Cury, Leite et al., 2021) [17]
Depression	3 (Werneck, Silva et al., 2020, Bonaccio, Costanzo et al., 2021) [20,22]		1 (Amadieu, Leclercq et al., 2021) [23]
Anxiety	4 (Werneck, Vancampfort et al., 2020, Bonaccio, Costanzo et al., 2021) [22,26]		1 (Amadieu, Leclercq et al., 2021) [23]
Trauma and stress	4 (Bonaccio, Costanzo et al., 2021, Lopes Cortes, Andrade Louzado et al., 2021) [22,27]	3 (Ruggiero, Esposito et al., 2021) [28]	3 (Bonaccio, Costanzo et al., 2021, Ruggiero, Esposito et al., 2021) [22,28]
Addiction	5 (Filgueiras, Pires de Almeida et al., 2019, Amadieu, Leclercq et al., 2021, Schulte, Kral et al., 2021) [23,29,30]		1 (Amadieu, Leclercq et al., 2021) [23]

OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio.