Table 1.
Compounds detected in the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus leaves collected at two altitude sites and in four consecutive seasons. The levels of each compound are expressed as the chromatographic relative peak surface measured as the total ion current (area % TIC). The extraction yield for each EO was similar: 0.125 ± 0.005 g/100 g of dry matter.
| Means % Content ± Standard Deviation | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mountain | Littoral | Altitude * Season Interaction | ||||||||||
| C | Compounds | IR | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | ||
| C1 | MH | tricyclene | 923 | 0.2 ± 0.1 ab | 0.9 ± 0.1 b | 0.8 ± 0.1 ab | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 c | 0.3 ± 0.1 d | 0.2 ± 0.1 d | 0.2 ± 0.1 ab | *** |
| C2 | MH | α-pinene | 935 | 2.6 ± 0.2 c | 13.1 ± 0.1 b | 12.6 ± 0.3 b | 9.4 ± 0.9 a | 2.1 ± 0.4 c | 5.4 ± 0.4 d | 4.9 ± 0.5 d | 8.3 ± 0.3 a | *** |
| C3 | MH | camphene | 952 | 0.9 ± 0.1 cd | 3.1 ± 0.1 b | 3.2 ± 0.0 d | 1.6 ± 0.0 a | 0.6 ± 0.1 e | 0.8 ± 0.1 f | 1.1 ± 0.1 f | 1.0 ± 0.0 bc | *** |
| C4 | MH | sabinene | 975 | 0.5 ± 0.0 e | 1.4 ± 0.0 c | 1.2 ± 0.1 c | 3.0 ± 0.4 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 f | 1.1 ± 0.1 d | 1.0 ± 0.1 cd | 2.0 ± 0.1 b | * |
| C5 | MH | β-pinene | 981 | 0.9 ± 0.0 b | 4.1 ± 0.1 a | 7.1 ± 0.0 b | 3.6 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.2 b | 1.2 ± 0.1 b | 3.7 ± 0.3 c | 3.9 ± 0.1 a | *** |
| C6 | MH | β-myrcene | 993 | 0.1 ± 0.0 c | 0.5 ± 0.0 c | 0.3 ± 0.0 c | 19.0 ± 0.9 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 d | 5.0 ± 0.1 b | 4.8 ± 0.9 ab | 6.1 ± 0.4 a | *** |
| C7 | MH | α-phellandrene | 1011 | 0.0 ± 0.0 cd | 0.4 ± 0.0 bc | 0.0 ± 0.0 bc | 0.4 ± 0.0 b | 0.1 ± 0.1 e | 0.1 ± 0.0 de | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | *** |
| C8 | Oth | o-cymene | 1032 | 0.2 ± 0.1 c | 0.7 ± 0.1 ab | 0.9 ± 0.1 bc | 0.9 ± 0.1 ab | 0.3 ± 0.1 d | 0.3 ± 0.1 cd | 0.5 ± 0.1 d | 0.6 ± 0.1 a | *** |
| C9 | Oth | p-cymene | 1033 | 0.1 ± 0.1 ac | 0.2 ± 0.1 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 ab | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 bc | 0.1 ± 0.1 a | 0.2 ± 0.1 c | 0.3 ± 0.1 a | |
| C10 | MH | limonene | 1036 | 0.5 ± 0.1 f | 3.8 ± 0.1 f | 2.7 ± 0.0 b | 4.2 ± 0.1 b | 1.4 ± 0.2 e | 4.7 ± 0.1 d | 1.1 ± 0.2 c | 4.9 ± 0.3 a | *** |
| C11 | MH | ɣ-terpinene | 1066 | 0.2 ± 0.0 d | 0.5 ± 0.0 c | 0.3 ± 0.0 c | 0.9 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 e | 0.3 ± 0.0 d | 0.3 ± 0.0 bc | 0.4 ± 0.0 b | *** |
| C12 | MH | α-terpinolene | 1094 | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.2 ± 0.0 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 bc | 0.2 ± 0.0 b | 0.1 ± 0.0 d | 0.2 ± 0.0 d | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1± 0.0 a | *** |
| C13 | Oth | 2-nonanaone | 1099 | 0.1 ± 0.0 cd | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.1 ± 0.0 bc | 0.6 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 d | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | *** |
| C14 | Oth | nonanol | 1109 | 0.2 ± 0.1 ac | 0.4 ± 0.1 d | 0.3 ± 0.1 bcd | 0.1 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 ab | 0.5 ± 0.1 cd | 0.4 ± 0.1 ad | 0.3 ± 0.1 ac | |
| C15 | Oth | nonanal | 1114 | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | |
| C16 | OM | menta-2-en-1-ol <E-p> | 1137 | 0.0 ± 0.0 ac | 0.1 ± 0.0 ac | 0.0 ± 0.0 bc | 0.0 ± 0.0 ab | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | |
| C17 | OM | borneol | 1187 | 0.1 ± 0.0 ab | 0.2 ± 0.0 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 c | 0.1 ± 0.0 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | *** |
| C18 | OM | terpinen-4-ol | 1207 | 1.3 ± 0.1 ce | 1.4 ± 0.0 b | 1.4 ± 0.2 de | 1.7 ± 0.1 a | 0.5 ± 0.0 e | 0.9 ± 0.0 cd | 1.5 ± 0.2 cd | 1.5 ± 0.0 c | *** |
| C19 | OM | α-terpineol | 1209 | 0.4 ± 0.1 d | 0.4 ± 0.1 cd | 0.9 ± 0.1 c | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 c | 0.5 ± 0.1 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 e | 0.6 ± 0.1 ab | *** |
| C20 | OM | bornyl acetate | 1297 | 6.2 ± 0.2 a | 7.0 ± 0.1 b | 4.9 ± 0.3 b | 1.5 ± 0.1 c | 2.8 ± 0.1 b | 1.9 ± 0.1 f | 1.9 ± 0.0 d | 0.8 ± 0.0 e | *** |
| C21 | Oth | 2-undecanone | 1301 | 1.6 ± 0.0 d | 2.0 ± 0.0 bc | 0.9 ± 0.1 bc | 2.1 ± 0.1 b | 1.6 ± 0.3 cd | 2.0 ± 0.1 c | 1.9 ± 0.2 a | 2.5 ± 0.2 b | *** |
| C22 | OM | α-terpinyl acetate | 1358 | 0.2 ± 0.0 d | 0.3 ± 0.0 f | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 e | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 1.5 ± 0.1 c | 0.3 ± 0.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 b | *** |
| C23 | SH | α-copaene | 1386 | 0.9 ± 0.0 b | 0.8 ± 0.0 c | 1.2 ± 0.0 c | 0.7 ± 0.0 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 d | 0.6 ± 0.0 e | 0.5 ± 0.0 g | 0.4 ± 0.1 f | *** |
| C24 | SH | β-bourbonene | 1395 | 0.0 ± 0.0 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 de | 0.0 ± 0.0 ac | 0.0 ± 0.0 e | 0.1 ± 0.0 bcd | 0.1 ± 0.0 ce | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | *** |
| C25 | SH | β-elemene | 1398 | 1.1 ± 0.0 d | 1.2 ± 0.0 cd | 1.5 ± 0.0 f | 1.0 ± 0.0 e | 1.4 ± 0.1 a | 1.2 ± 0.0 c | 1.5 ± 0.0 ef | 1.3 ± 0.0 b | *** |
| C26 | SH | β-caryophyllene | 1435 | 8.8 ± 0.1 e | 10.7 ± 0.2 d | 10.8 ± 0.5 f | 13.2 ± 0.9 f | 24.9 ± 1.0 c | 17.2 ± 0.6 b | 25.4 ± 0.8 b | 21.7 ± 0.1 a | *** |
| C27 | SH | β-cubebene | 1444 | 0.8 ± 0.1 b | 0.8 ± 0.0 ab | 0.4 ± 0.1 ab | 0.8 ± 0.0 ab | 0.9 ± 0.1 ab | 0.9 ± 0.1 ab | 0.8 ± 0.1 a | 1.6 ± 0.9 ab | |
| C28 | Oth | isoamyl benzoate | 1455 | 0.8 ± 0.1 ab | 0.7 ± 0.1 ab | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 0.6 ± 0.1 b | 0.8 ± 0.1 ab | 0.6 ± 0.1 ab | 0.5 ± 0.1 c | 0.6 ± 0.1 b | *** |
| C29 | SH | α-caryophyllene | 1472 | 2.1± 0.0 f | 2.0 ± 0.0 e | 2.3 ± 0.1 h | 1.7 ± 0.1 g | 3.3 ± 0.0 a | 2.5 ± 0.1 b | 3.5 ± 0.0 d | 2.8 ± 0.0 c | *** |
| C30 | SH | allo-aromadendrene | 1477 | 0.8 ± 0.0 a | 0.7 ± 0.0 b | 0.7± 0.0 b | 0.5 ± 0.0 b | 0.6 ± 0.0 a | 0.7 ± 0.0 c | 0.6 ± 0.0 c | 0.4 ± 0.0 d | *** |
| C31 | SH | ɣ-muurolene | 1489 | 2.6 ± 0.0 a | 1.9 ± 0.0 d | 2.8 ± 0.1 c | 1.2 ± 0.1 c | 1.4 ± 0.1 b | 1.7 ± 0.1 e | 1.4 ± 0.0 g | 1.0 ± 0.0 f | *** |
| C32 | SH | germacrene D | 1498 | 2.5 ± 0.6 bc | 2.8 ± 0.1 d | 1.2 ± 0.3 d | 4.0 ± 0.1 d | 4.2 ± 0.3 cd | 4.2 ± 0.3 b | 4.2 ± 0.5 a | 3.2 ± 0.2 b | *** |
| C33 | SH | α-muurolene | 1514 | 1.9 ± 0.2 b | 1.7 ± 0.0 bc | 2.5 ± 0.0 cd | 1.2 ± 0.0 d | 1.8 ± 0.1 a | 1.6 ± 0.0 cd | 1.7 ± 0.1 e | 1.4 ± 0.0 d | *** |
| C34 | SH | β-bisabolene | 1520 | 1.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.8 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 0.4 ± 0.4 a | 0.8 ± 0.2 a | 0.6 ± 0.0 a | 0.6 ± 0.0 a | * |
| C35 | SH | ɣ-cadinene | 1530 | 0.6 ± 0.1 b | 0.8 ± 0.1 b | 0.9 ± 0.0 b | 0.4 ± 0.0 c | 1.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.8 ± 0.0 b | 0.7 ± 0.1 c | 0.6 ± 0.0 b | *** |
| C36 | SH | δ-cadinene | 1534 | 8.5 ± 0.0 a | 4.7 ± 0.1 b | 3.6 ± 0.4 b | 3.0 ± 0.3 b | 4.8 ± 0.2 a | 4.9 ± 0.1 b | 4.6 ± 0.3 a | 3.3 ± 0.1 c | *** |
| C37 | SH | calamenene | 1540 | 2.3 ± 0.0 a | 1.6 ± 0.2 c | 1.5 ± 0.0 b | 0.7 ± 0.0 b | 0.9 ± 0.0 a | 1.0 ± 0.0 d | 0.9 ± 0.0 d | 0.6 ± 0.0 e | *** |
| C38 | OS | elemol | 1565 | 0.8 ± 0.0 c | 0.2 ± 0.0 f | 0.5 ± 0.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.0 d | 0.4 ± 0.0 e | 0.6 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 e | 0.3 ± 0.0 g | *** |
| C39 | OS | caryophyllene oxide | 1573 | 8.7 ± 0.2 c | 5.7 ± 1.2 c | 7.9 ± 0.7 bc | 4.5 ± 0.4 d | 9.9 ± 0.5 a | 7.8 ± 0.1 ab | 7.5 ± 0.6 c | 7.8 ± 1.0 cd | ** |
| C40 | OS | humulene epoxide II | 1633 | 0.9 ± 0.1 bc | 0.6 ± 0.1 df | 0.7 ± 0.1 b | 0.2 ± 0.1 ef | 0.9 ± 0.1 a | 0.8 ± 0.1 bd | 0.5 ± 0.1 cde | 0.5 ± 0.1 f | *** |
| C41 | OS | cubenol | 1648 | 3.0 ± 0.1 a | 1.2 ± 0.0 d | 2.0 ± 0.1 cd | 0.7 ± 0.1 b | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 1.4 ± 0.0 bc | 1.2 ± 0.1 e | 0.8 ± 0.0 f | *** |
| C42 | OS | epi-Cadinol | 1663 | 2.7 ± 0.0 c | 1.8 ± 0.0 cd | 2.8 ± 0.1 de | 1.3 ± 0.1 e | 2.8 ± 0.1 a | 2.5 ± 0.1 b | 2.7 ± 0.1 e | 2.3 ± 0.0 de | *** |
| C43 | OS | δ-cadinol | 1668 | 2.3 ± 0.1 b | 1.1 ± 0.1 cd | 1.3 ± 0.2 cd | 0.6 ± 0.0 d | 1.5 ± 0.1 a | 1.4 ± 0.1 bc | 1.2 ± 0.1 cd | 0.9 ± 0.2 e | *** |
| C44 | OS | α-cadinol | 1679 | 8.0 ± 0.1 cd | 5.0 ± 0.9 bc | 8.0 ± 0.2 bc | 3.7 ± 0.3 d | 11.9 ± 0.4 a | 7.9 ± 0.1 ab | 7.6 ± 0.8 bc | 9.5 ± 3.2 bc | ** |
| C45 | OS | aromadendrene oxide | 1684 | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 0.6± 0.0 a | 1.1 ± 0.4 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | ** |
| C46 | OS | bisabolol | 1704 | 9.7 ± 0.3 ab | 2.6 ± 0.0 b | 1.2 ± 0.0 a | 1.4 ± 0.1 ab | 1.3 ± 0.1 ab | 1.5 ± 0.0 c | 1.1 ± 0.1 ab | 1.2 ± 0.0 d | *** |
| C47 | Oth | benzyl benzoate | 1797 | 0.4 ± 0.0 ab | 0.2 ± 0.0 c | 0.5 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 c | 0.8 ± 0.2 ab | 0.9 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.0 b | 0.4 ± 0.0 ab | *** |
| Total (sum of C1-47) | 88.0 ± 0.6 | 91.1 ± 1.4 | 94.8 ± 0.6 | 94.0 ± 0.3 | 90.9 ± 0.8 | 90.9 ± 0.4 | 94.9 ± 0.3 | 96.6 ± 3.0 | ||||
| Terpene Classes | ||||||||||||
| MH | monoterpene hydrocarbons | 5.8 ± 0.3 c | 28.0 ± 0.1 b | 28.2 ± 0.3 b | 42.8 ± 2.6 a | 6.4 ± 1.1 d | 19.1 ± 1.0 c | 17.4 ± 1.5 c | 27.1 ± 1.2 a | *** | ||
| SH | sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 33.8 ± 0.5 c | 30.5 ± 0.6 c | 29.8 ± 1.3 d | 29.1 ± 1.4 d | 45.9 ± 0.9 a | 37.9 ± 0.9 a | 46.5 ± 1.7 a | 38.3 ± 0.4 b | *** | ||
| OM | oxygenated monoterpenes | 8 ± 0.3 a | 9.3 ± 0.1 a | 7.3 ± 0.5 a | 3.8 ± 0.2 a | 4.6 ± 0.4 a | 4.9 ± 0.2 a | 4.3 ± 0.3 a | 3.4 ± 0.1 a | |||
| OS | oxygenated Sesquiterpenes | 37.0 ± 0.5 bc | 18.8 ± 1.1 c | 25.4 ± 0.6 bc | 13.2 ± 1.0 d | 30.3 ± 0.9 a | 24.3 ± 0.4 b | 22.4 ± 0.9 c | 23.6 ± 4.4 e | *** | ||
| Oth | Others | 3.3 ± 0.1 d | 4.5 ± 0.2 cd | 4.1 ± 0.2 bc | 5.1 ± 0.0 ab | 3.7 ± 0.5 d | 4.8 ± 0.1 cd | 4.3 ± 0.1 bc | 5.1 ± 0.1 a | |||
The means followed by different letters (in italic) within the same row were significantly different (p < 0.05). The main compounds name and levels are written in bold. Significance effect of the interaction between the altitude and season as determined by ANOVA, p-values: *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05.