Table 2.
Antifungal effects of essential oils against Aspergillus fumigatus.
| Essential Oil (Family) |
Plant Part Used | Main Compounds | Antifungal Effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) |
flowering aerial parts | Sample A: α-asarone (33.3%), α-pinene (17.2%), β-bisabolene (16.6%); Sample B: trans-thujone (29.0%), trans-crhysanthenyl acetate (15.8%), β-pinene (11.1%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 1.25 µL/mL and MLC > 20 µL/mL (A); MIC = 2.5–5 µL/mL and MLC > 20 µL/mL (B) |
[33] |
|
Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) |
not identified | β-asarone (80.6%) | Tube-dilution method: MFC = 0.104 ± 0.016 mg/mL |
[34] |
|
Allium hookeri (Amaryllidaceae) |
rhizomes | di-2-propenyl trisulfide (31.8%), diallyl disulfide (28.4%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 32 µg/mL and MFC = 64 µg/mL |
[35] |
|
Apium graveolens (Apiaceae) |
flowering aerial parts | Sample A: neophytadiene (34.6%), phytol isomer (11.8%); Sample B: neophytadiene (45.2%), limonene (24.0%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 0.16–0.32 µL/mL and MLC > 125 µL/mL (A); MIC = 0.64 µL/mL and MLC > 20 µL/mL (B) |
[36] |
|
Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae) |
leaves | borneol (18.7%), methyl hinokiate (11.9%) |
Tube-dilution method: MIC = 91 ± 13 µg/mL |
[37] |
|
Artemisia persica (Asteraceae) |
aerial parts | laciniata furanone E (17.1%), artedouglasia oxide C (13.2%), trans-pinocarveol (10.2%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 2.5 µL/mL and MFC = 10 µL/mL |
[38] |
|
Beilschmiedia madang (Lauraceae) |
bark | δ-cadinene (20.5%), α-cubebene (15.6%), α-cadinol (10.6%) |
Microdilution method: MIC = 62.5 µg/mL |
[39] |
| leaf | δ-cadinene (17.0%), β-caryophyllene (10.3%), α-cubebene (11.3%) |
Microdilution method: MIC = 250 µg/mL |
||
|
Carum copticum (Apiaceae) |
not identified | p-cymene (33.7%), thymol (22.8%), γ-terpinene (21.6%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 144 µg/mL |
[40] |
|
Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae) |
aerial parts | germacrene D (15.3%), hexadecanoic acid (26.1%), α-linolenic acid (17.9%) |
Microdilution assay: MIC = 1.9 µg/mL |
[41] |
|
Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) |
leaf, branch, wood, root, leaf/branch, leaf/branch/wood | leaf: camphor (93.1%); branch: camphor (53.6%); wood: camphor (53.2%) and 1,8-cineole (19.9%); root: safrole (57.6%) and 1.8-cineole (18.1%); leaf/branch: camphor (53.3%); leaf/branch/wood: (59.5%) |
Broth microdilution method: MIC = 312.5 µg/mL (leaf, wood and root); MIC = 156.3 µg/mL (branch and leaf/branch); MIC = 78.1 µg/mL (leaf/branch/wood) |
[42] |
| Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Lauraceae) | bark | eucalyptol (65.9%) | Broth microdilution method: MIC = 32.5 µg/mL |
[43] |
|
Cuminum cyminum (Apiaceae) |
aerial parts | not assessed | Broth microdilution method: MIC = 0.5 mg/mL Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 0.25 mg/mL |
[44] |
|
Daucus carota subsp. carota (Apiaceae) |
flowering and ripe umbels | flowering umbels: α-pinene (37.9%), geranyl acetate (15%); ripe umbels— Sample A: α-pinene (13.0%), geranyl acetate (65.0%); Sample B: β-bisabolene (51.0%), (E)-methyl isoeugenol (10.0%) |
Broth macrodilution method—Flowering umbels: MIC = 2.5–5 µL/mL and MLC > 20 µL/mL; Ripe umbels: MIC = 0.64–1.25 µL/mL and MLC > 20 µL/mL (A); MIC = 0.64 µL/mL and MLC > 20 (B) |
[45] |
|
Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) |
fruit | 2,8-dithianonane (52.6%), dimethyl trisulfide (15.5%), lenthionine (14.7%) |
Modified microdilution method: MFC = 0.02—0.18 mg/mL |
[46] |
|
Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (Cupressaceae) |
needles | sabinene (26.2%), α-pinene (12.9%), limonene (10.4%) |
Macrodilution broth method: MIC = 2.5 µL/mL and MFC = 10 µL/mL |
[47] |
|
Leptospermum petersonii (Myrtaceae) |
not identified | not assessed | Broth macrodilution method: MIC and MFC = 0.05% |
[48] |
|
Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) |
stems and leaves | Carvone chemotype: carvone (25.3%), limonene (22.4%), geranial (10.4%); Citral chemotype: geranial (30.5%), neral (23.6%) |
Microdilution broth method: MIC > 500 µg/mL (both chemotypes) |
[49] |
|
Lavandula luisieri (Lamiaceae) |
flowering aerial parts | Sample A: α-trans-necrodyl acetate (17.4%); Sample B: 1,8-cineole (33.9%), fenchone (18.2%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 0.64 µL/mL and MLC = 10–20 µL/mL (A); MIC = 1.25 µL/mL and MLC = 10 µL/mL (B) |
[50] |
|
Lavandula multifida (Lamiaceae) |
flowering aerial parts | carvacrol (42.8%), cis-β-ocimene (27.4%); | Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 0.32 µL/mL and MLC = 0.64 µL/mL |
[51] |
|
Lavandula pedunculata (Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | Sample A: 1,8-cineole (34.3%); Sample B: camphor (34.0%), 1,8-cineole (25.1%); Sample C: fenchone (44.5%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 2.5 µL/mL and MLC = 10 µL/mL (A); MIC and MLC = 5 µL/mL (B); MIC = 5 µL/mL and MLC = 10 µL/mL (C) |
[52] |
|
Lavandula stoechas (Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | fenchone (37.0%), camphor (27.3%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 1.25 µL/mL and MLC ≥ 20µL/mL |
[53] |
|
Lavandula viridis (Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | 1,8-cineole(34.5%), camphor (13.4%), α-pinene (9.0%), linalool (7.9%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 2.5 µL/mL and MLC = 5–10 µL/mL |
[54] |
|
Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) |
not identified | not assessed | Broth microdilution method: MIC = 0.06–0.12% |
[55] |
|
Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae) |
leaves and flowers | Sample A: α-pinene (50.8%), linalool (14.8%), 1,8-cineole (13.3%); Sample B: α-pinene (33.6%), linalool (14.8%), 1,8-cineole (13.3%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 2.5 mg/mL and MLC > 10 mg/mL (both samples) |
[56] |
|
Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) |
aerial parts | not assessed | Broth microdilution method: MIC = 2 mg/mL Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 1.5 mg/mL |
[44] |
|
Piper flaviflorum (Piperaceae) |
leaf | (E)-nerolidol (40.5%), β-caryophyllene (14.6%) |
Broth microdilution method: MIC = 256 µg/mL and MLC = 1024 µg/mL |
[57] |
|
Ruta angustifolia (Rutaceae) |
flowering aerial parts | 2-undecanone (82.5%), 2-decanone (10.0%) |
Agar dilution method: MIC < 3.5 µg/mL |
[58] |
|
Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) |
flowering aerial parts | 2-nonanone (32.8%), 2-undecanone (32.6%), 1-nonene (14.0%) |
Agar dilution method: MIC = 6.2–7.4 µg/mL |
|
|
Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae) |
flowering aerial parts | 2-undecanone (55.4%), nonanone (21.6%) |
Agar dilution method: MIC < 3.5 µg/mL |
|
|
Ruta tuberculata (Rutaceae) |
flowering aerial parts | piperitone (13.6%), trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol (13.1%), cis-piperitol (12.3%), cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol (11.2%) |
Agar dilution method: MIC < 4.5 µg/mL |
|
|
Satureja thymbra (Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | thymol (57.3%), γ-terpinene (9.8%), p-cymene (9.8%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 0.32 µL/mL and MLC = 0.64 µL/mL |
[59] |
|
Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae) |
fruit peels | furfural (17.1%), α-terpineol (13.1%) |
Broth microdilution method: MIC = 16 µg/mL and MFC = 32 µg/mL |
[60] |
|
Thymus villosus subsp. lusitanicus (Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | geranyl acetate (25.0%), terpinen-4-ol (13.5%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 0.64–125 µL/mL and MLC = 2.5–5.0 µL/mL |
[61] |
|
Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) |
not identified | thymol (44.7%), γ-terpinene (26.0%), α-cymene (21.2%) |
Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 144 µg/mL |
[40] |
|
Ziziphora clinopodioides (Lamiaceae) |
aerial parts | not assessed | Broth microdilution method: MIC = 1 mg/mL Broth macrodilution method: MIC = 0.5 mg/mL |
[44] |
MIC—Minimal Inhibitory Concentration; MBC—Minimal Bacterial Concentration; MFC—Minimal Fungicidal Concentration.