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. 2022 Jun 28;14(13):2670. doi: 10.3390/nu14132670

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Energy expenditure and substrate utilization after caloric restriction (CR) or protein restriction (PR). Data obtained using indirect calorimetry. (A) Energy expenditure before and after CR (* p = 0.0311) and before and after PR (^ns p = 0.7568). (B) Average volume of VO₂ and VCO₂ before and after CR (* p = 0.0126 and ** p = 0.0051) and before and after PR (^ns p = 0.2736 and ^ns p = 0.5507). (C) RER (respiratory exchange ratio) before and after CR (* p = 0.0296) and before and after PR (^ns p = 0.8571). (D) Lipid (FAT) and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation before and after CR (* p = 0.0454 and * p = 0.0452) and before and after PR ( p = 0.4281 and p = 0.4270). Data are shown in box plot format. ANOVA mixed-design analysis of variance was performed.