Table 2.
Summary of the studies of the effects of curcumin on diabetic complications.
| STZ-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Rat | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dose Used | Assays | Effects | Reference |
| Curcumin (100 mg/kg and Gliclazide (10 mg/kg, orally) | Tail flick and tail pinch tests, Hot plate, peroxynitrite, C-peptide, TNF-α levels, lipid peroxides. | Improvement in sensory motor deficits, increased c-peptide levels and decreased peroxynitrite, lipid peroxides and TNF-α levels | [114] |
| Apocyanin (2.5 mg/kg), i.p and Curcumin intragastric administration (200 mg/kg) | Expression of NADPH oxidase, Hydrogen peroxide, Paw withdrawal threshold, SOD levels and MDA in spinal cord. | Improved expression of p47phox and gp91phox of NADPH oxidase. Paw withdrawal threshold improved. MDA, H2O2 levels decreased and SOD levels augmented | [115] |
| Curcumin (60 mg/kg; p.o.) | NO and TNF-α in brain homogenate, Tail immersion and hot plate assay | Reduce in nitrite and TNF-α levels, decline in tail withdrawal reflex and paw licking. | [116] |
| Curcumin (15–30 mg/kg, p.o. for 2 weeks) | BUN, Creatinine, urinary albumin excretion, renal malondialdehyde urea clearance, SOD, catalase & glutathione levels. | Improved urea and creatinine clearance. Augmented antioxidant enzymes and abridged MDA level | [117] |
| Curcumin (100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 8 weeks) |
p-AMPKα (Thr 172), Expression of SREBP-1c, AMPKα, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) and Immunofluorescence for type IV collagen and FN | Prohibited expression of SREBP-1c and decreased expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and ADRP Amplified phosphorylation of AMPK, suppressed expression of ECM, VEGF and TGF β proteins, such as type IV collagen and FN | [118] |
| Curcumin (50 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks) | BUN, Albumin and creatinine, Superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxide levels. Western blot analysis of HSP-27, H3, p38 | Reduced BUN and creatinine and improved albumin. Decreased MDA and enhanced SOD level. Reduced p38 and HSP-27 expression, decrease in dephosphorylation and increased acetylation of histone H3 | [119] |
BUN: Blood urea nitrogen, MCP-1: Monocyte chemo attractant protein-1, TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-β1, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor, FN: Fibronectin, HSP: Heat shock protein. ERK: Extracellular related kinases, PKC: Protein kinase c, NAG: N-acetyl glucosamine, COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2, IL-6: Interleukin-6, NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa, NADPH Oxidase: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateoxidase, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.