Table 1.
Cardiometabolic risk markers and dietary measures of the participants six years post-intervention by intervention or control group (n = 357; age 26 years). The presented values are mean (SD), except for triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR, for which median (IQR) are shown, and for smoking, where prevalence of daily smokers is reported (%). p-values are adjusted for sex.
| Intervention (n = 174) | Control (n = 183) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, males (%)/females (%) | 81 (46.6)/93 (53.4) | 73 (39.9)/110 (60.1) | 0.24 # |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.3 (4.0) | 24.3 (4.4) | 0.83 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 80.5 (11.0) | 80.4 (11.9) | 0.57 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 122.2 (11.0) | 119.5 (11.5) | 0.074 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 72.0 (7.8) | 71.8 (7.6) | 0.97 |
| Dietary intakes | n = 155 | n = 171 | |
| Energy, kcal/day | 2010 (581) | 2044 (576) | 0.19 |
| Protein, E% | 19.8 (5.3) | 19.3 (4.9) | 0.54 |
| Carbohydrates, E% | 41.6 (8.5) | 40.4 (7.4) | 0.11 |
| Sucrose, E% | 5.7 (2.9) | 6.3 (3.6) | 0.18 |
| Fat, E% | 36.9 (7.4) | 38.1 (6.9) | 0.11 |
| SAFA, E% | 12.9 (3.33) | 14.1 (3.6) | 0.003 |
| MUFA, E% | 13.2 (4.1) | 13.1 (3.6) | 0.99 |
| PUFA, E% | 6.7 (2.2) | 6.6 (2.1) | 0.72 |
| (P + M)/S | 1.61 (0.51) | 1.49 (0.58) | 0.051 |
| P/S | 0.55 (0.25) | 0.51 (0.25) | 0.084 |
| Cholesterol, mg/day | 300 (179) | 325 (200) | 0.089 |
| Fiber, g/day | 20.1 (8.1) | 19.6 (8.1) | 0.53 |
| Fiber, g/MJ | 2.44 (0.81) | 2.35 (0.89) | 0.16 |
| Fiber rich grains, g/day | 74.8 (41.4) | 68.2 (44.8) | 0.27 |
| Vegetables, fruit, and berries, g/day | 376 (223) | 337 (209) | 0.052 |
| Sodium, mg/day | 2938 (934) | 2996 (1050) | 0.20 |
| Physical activity | n = 168 | n = 174 | |
| MET h/wk | 25.0 (17.7) | 24.1 (20.4) | 0.76 |
| Smoking | n = 169 | n = 176 | |
| Daily smoking, % | 6.5 | 8.0 | 0.61 |
| Serum biomarkers | n = 173 | n = 183 | |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.48 (0.83) | 4.63 (0.97) | 0.14 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.30 (0.33) | 1.38 (0.35) | 0.081 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.70 (0.71) | 2.82 (0.78) | 0.13 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.90 [0.60] | 0.80 [0.50] | 0.14 |
| Insulin, mU/L | 6.5 [3.9] | 7.1 [4.0] | 0.090 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.0 (0.49) | 5.0 (0.69) | 0.54 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.42 [0.98] | 1.59 [0.97] | 0.080 |
SAFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; E%, percentage of energy intake; (P + M)/S, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio; P/S, polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. # Pearson’s χ2 test.