Table 2.
Association between nutritional risk factors and vasomotor symptoms in women aged 40–65 years (n = 406).
| Vasomotor Symptoms | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hot Flashes | Night Sweats or Palpitations | 2 or More VMS | |||||||
| Nutritional Factors | OR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | p |
| BMI Obese, ≥30 kg/m2 | |||||||||
| Model 1, unadjusted a | 1.32 (0.65–2.67) | 1.30 (0.66–2.65) | 0.434 | 1.34 (0.38–4.70) | 1.33 (0.39–4.62) | 0.643 | 1.17 (0.57–2.40) | 1.16 (0.59–2.31) | 0.651 |
| Model 2, adjusted b | 1.46 (0.70–3.05) | 1.43 (0.71–3.01) | 0.306 | 1.35 (0.38–4.78) | 1.34 (0.39–4.65) | 0.635 | 1.27 (0.60–2.68) | 1.25 (0.61–2.65) | 0.524 |
| Model 3, adjusted c | 1.30 (0.62–2.72) | 1.28 (0.62–2.73) | 0.487 | 1.24 (0.34–4.49) | 1.24 (0.35–4.41) | 0.740 | 1.16 (0.54–2.47) | 1.15 (0.55–2.45) | 0.697 |
| BMI Overweight, 25–29.9 kg/m2 | |||||||||
| Model 1, unadjusted a | 3.24 (1.66–6.33) | 2.92 (1.66–6.32) | 0.001 | 2.49 (0.75–8.26) | 2.45 (0.75–8.25) | 0.135 | 1.12 (0.52–2.38) | 1.11 (0.53–2.38) | 0.768 |
| Model 2, adjusted b | 3.26 (1.63–6.52) | 2.93 (1.63–6.51) | 0.001 | 2.49 (0.74–8.31) | 2.45 (0.75–8.27) | 0.136 | 1.12 (0.52–2.45) | 1.11 (0.54–2.31) | 0.760 |
| Model 3, adjusted c | 3.26 (1.63–6.54) | 2.93 (1.63–6.52) | 0.001 | 2.23 (0.65–7.65) | 2.20 (0.65–7.61) | 0.200 | 1.08 (0.49–2.39) | 1.08 (0.52–2.24) | 0.836 |
| BMI Normal 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 was reference in all models | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose High, ≥100 mg/dL | |||||||||
| Model 1, unadjusted a | 1.47 (0.87–2.51) | 1.35 (0.87–2.48) | 0.149 | 2.63 (1.09–6.37) | 2.49 (1.09–6.33) | 0.031 | 2.27 (1.29–3.99) | 1.98 (1.29–3.98) | 0.004 |
| Model 2, adjusted b | 1.30 (0.75–2.25) | 1.23 (0.75–2.25) | 0.347 | 2.50 (1.02–6.11) | 2.38 (1.02–6.11) | 0.045 | 2.03 (1.13–3.63) | 1.81 (1.13–3.63) | 0.017 |
| Model 3, adjusted c | 1.29 (0.74–2.25) | 1.23 (0.75–2.23) | 0.361 | 2.67 (1.04–6.84) | 2.53 (1.05–6.80) | 0.039 | 1.94 (1.08–3.50) | 1.75 (1.08–3.48) | 0.027 |
| Fasting glucose Normal <100 mg/dL was reference in all models | |||||||||
| Cardiorespiratory fitness Poor, <400 m/6 min | |||||||||
| Model 1, unadjusted a | 1.53 (0.18–12.53) | 1.33 (0.19–12.17) | 0.689 | 15.01 (1.94–115.62) | 8.03 (1.95–115.62) | 0.009 | d | d | d |
| Model 2, adjusted b | 1.05 (0.11–9.32) | 1.03 (0.14–8.06) | 0.963 | 13.57 (1.63–113.01) | 7.63 (1.63–112.92) | 0.016 | d | d | d |
| Model 3, adjusted c | 1.06 (0.12–8.70) | 1.04 (0.14–8.23) | 0.956 | 16.17 (2.02–129.11) | 8.33 (2.03–129.05) | 0.009 | d | d | d |
| Cardiorespiratory fitness Excellent ≥400 m/6 min was reference in all models | |||||||||
| Blood pressure Hypertensive, systolic ≥130 mmHg or diastolic ≥80 mmHg | |||||||||
| Model 1, unadjusted a | 1.47 (0.86–2.50) | 1.37 (0.86–2.51) | 0.157 | 1.85 (0.76–4.50) | 1.80 (0.77–4.46) | 0.170 | 1.33 (0.73–2.40) | 1.29 (0.74–2.39) | 0.340 |
| Model 2, adjusted b | 1.20 (0.68–2.10) | 1.17 (0.69–2.09) | 0.519 | 1.66 (0.67–4.10) | 1.63 (0.68–4.06) | 0.267 | 1.11 (0.60–2.07) | 1.10 (0.62–2.00) | 0.727 |
| Model 3, adjusted c | 1.26 (0.72–2.22) | 1.21 (0.73–2.17) | 0.405 | 1.86 (0.75–4.63) | 1.81 (0.75–4.58) | 0.178 | 1.08 (0.58–2.03) | 1.07 (0.52–2.24) | 0.792 |
| Blood pressure Elevated, systolic 120–129 mmHg and diastolic 80 mmHg | |||||||||
| Model 1, unadjusted a | 0.65 (0.22–1.89) | 0.69 (0.22–1.93) | 0.437 | d | d | 0.979 | 1.56 (0.60–4.04) | 1.47 (0.60–4.03) | 0.358 |
| Model 2, adjusted b | 0.47 (0.15–1.43) | 0.51 (0.15–1.45) | 0.189 | d | d | 0.986 | 1.20 (0.44–3.25) | 1.18 (0.44–3.24) | 0.719 |
| Model 3, adjusted c | 0.58 (0.19–1.75) | 0.62 (0.19–1.76) | 0.336 | d | d | 0.989 | 1.50 (0.54–4.10) | 1.43 (0.55–4.10) | 0.429 |
| Blood pressure Normal <120 and <80 mmHg was reference in all models | |||||||||
| Total fat intake Excessive >30% of total energy intake | |||||||||
| Model 1, unadjusted a | 1.10 (0.60–2.02) | 1.09 (0.61–1.97) | 0.749 | 2.50 (0.65–9.49) | 2.47 (0.66–9.50) | 0.178 | 1.48 (0.72–3.03) | 1.46 (0.72–3.03) | 0.283 |
| Model 2, adjusted b | 1.41 (0.74–2.69) | 1.38 (0.74–2.68) | 0.295 | 2.78 (0.71–10.81) | 2.75 (0.72–10.79) | 0.140 | 1.85 (0.87–3.90) | 1.80 (0.88–3.90) | 0.106 |
| Model 3, adjusted c | 1.37 (0.72–2.61) | 1.34 (0.73–2.57) | 0.328 | 2.24 (0.57–8.69) | 2.22 (0.58–8.67) | 0.243 | 1.97 (0.92–4.21) | 1.91 (0.92–4.20) | 0.079 |
| Total fat intake Adequate ≤30% of total energy intake was reference in all models | |||||||||
| Tobacco use Yes | |||||||||
| Model 1, unadjusted a | 2.14 (0.84–5.42) | 1.64 (0.85–5.40) | 0.107 | 2.38 (0.55–10.30) | 2.19 (0.55–10.24) | 0.244 | 3.19 (1.25–8.11) | 2.25 (1.26–8.10) | 0.015 |
| Model 2, adjusted b | 1.96 (0.76–5.05) | 1.56 (0.76–5.05) | 0.163 | 2.18 (0.49–9.66) | 2.03 (0.50–9.60) | 0.303 | 2.89 (1.10–7.57) | 2.12 (1.11–7.55) | 0.030 |
| Model 3, adjusted c | 2.04 (0.78–5.31) | 1.60 (0.79–5.26) | 0.140 | 2.31 (0.52–10.29) | 2.14 (0.52–10.22) | 0.270 | 3.05 (1.14–8.13) | 2.19 (1.15–8.11) | 0.025 |
| Tobacco use No was reference in all models | |||||||||
VMS: vasomotor symptoms. BMI: body mass index. OR: odds ratio. PR: prevalence ratio. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. a Model 1: unadjusted. b Model 2: adjusted for age, hormone use, and physical activity level. c Model 3: adjusted for stage of reproductive aging, hormone use, physical activity level, alcohol intake, and caffeine intake. d Insufficient cases for a statistical result. p < 0.05 denotes statistical significance.