Figure 1.

Flavonoids exerting antidiabetic activity via different mechanistic pathways: Flavonoids increase insulin secretion and improve β-cell function via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway; increase GLUT-4 translocation through AMPK activation to increase glucose uptake in adipose tissues and skeletal muscles; activate PPAR-γ expression to decrease insulin resistance; activate cAMP/PKA pathway to reduce blood glucose levels and improve glucose tolerance; increase glutathione peroxidase activity to reduce HbA1c levels; decrease G-6-Pase, PEPCK, glycogen phosphorylase, fructose 1,6-biphosphatase and DPP-IV activity in liver to decrease gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycoslysis; inhibit SGLT pathway in kidney to decrease renal glucose reabsorption; inhibit GLUT-2, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity to decrease glucose absorption in the small intestine.