| AMPK | 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
| cAMP | cyclic Adenosine monophosphate |
| DPP-IV | Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 |
| G6Pase | Glucose-6-phosphatase |
| GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide-1 |
| GLUT-2 | Glucose transporter-2 |
| GLUT-4 | Glucose transporter-4 |
| HbA1c | Hemoglobin A1c |
| IDF | International Diabetes Federation |
| KATP | Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel |
| PEPCK | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
| PI3K/AKT | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B |
| PKA | Protein kinase A |
| PPAR-γ | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ |
| SGLT | Sodium–glucose linked transporter |
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