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. 2022 Jul 3;27(13):4278. doi: 10.3390/molecules27134278

Table 2.

Phytoconstituents of antidiabetic medicinal plants and their pharmacological effects.

Medicinal Plants Parts Phytoconstituents Pharmacological Effects References

  1. Abrus precatorius

Leaves, seeds Luteolin, lupenone, 24-methylene cycloartenol Maintains blood glucose levels, promotes insulin secretion, prevents oxidative stress, inhibits inflammation in pancreatic tissues [16,242,243]
  • 2.

    Acacia arabica

Bark, roots Quercetin, kaempferol, catechin Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, reduces insulin resistance, improves glucose tolerance, reduces oxidative stress [24,244]
  • 3.

    Acacia catechu

Bark Catechin, epicatechin, catechu tannic acid, gallocatechin, kaempferol Lowers blood glucose levels, increases plasma insulin levels, reduces insulin resistance, and improves glucose uptake, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity [24,244,245,246,247]
  • 4.

    Aegle marmelos

Leaves Rutin, β-sitosterol, aegelinosides A and B, aegeline, marmelosin Lowers plasma glucose levels, reduces insulin resistance, decreases glycosylated hemoglobin levels, inhibits α-glucosidase activity, improves β-cell function [248,249,250,251,252]
  • 5.

    Aframomum melegueta

Fruit, leaves 6-paradol, 6-shogaol, 6-gingerol, oleanolic acid Decreases blood glucose and cholesterol levels, improve glucose tolerance and utilization, inhibits lipid synthesis by adipocytes [16,253,254,255]
  • 6.

    Ageratum conyzoides

Leaves Kaempferol, precocene II Lowers blood glucose levels, increases plasma insulin levels, improves glucose uptake [16,256]
  • 7.

    Albizia lebbeck

Bark, pods Lupeol, oleanolic acid, docosanoic acid, β-sitosterol, catechin, friedelin Decreases blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, reduces nitric oxide, increases insulin levels, activates GLUT2 and GLUT4 [244,250,255,257,258,259]
  • 8.

    Albizia adianthifolia

Bark, leaves β-caryophyllene, viridiflorol Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, reduces glucose absorption, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels [67,260]
  • 9.

    Allium cepa

Bulb Alliin, quercetin, S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide Reduces fasting glucose levels, increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, decreases triglyceride levels [16,261,262]
  • 10.

    Allium sativum

Bulb Allicin, alliin, diallyl disulfide, quercetin, allyl propyl disulfide Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, decreases cholesterol and triglyceride levels [71,261,262,263]
  • 11.

    Aloe vera

Leaves Lophenol, aloin, aloetic acid, emodin, glucomannan Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, prevents oxidative stress [16,264,265,266]
  • 12.

    Anacradium occidentale

Leaves, stem bark Anacardic acid, lectin Delays glucose absorption, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits α-glucosidase activity [16,267]
  • 13.

    Anemarrhena asphodeloides

Rhizome Mangiferin, neomangiferin, sarsasapogenin Reduces fasting blood glucose levels, improves glucose tolerance, reduces cholesterol and triglyceride levels, improves diabetic complications [78,268,269,270]
  • 14.

    Annona salzmannii

Leaves, bark α-copaene, β-caryophyllene, δ-cadinene Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake, reduces glucose absorption, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels [80,260]
  • 15.

    Annona squamosa

Leaves Rutin, quercetin, isoquercetin Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, reduces glycosylated hemoglobin levels [10,249,262,271]
  • 16.

    Anogeissus latifolia

Bark Ellagic acid, β-sitosterol, 3,4,3-tri-O-methylellagic acid Lowers plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin levels, improves β-cell function [250,272,273]
  • 17.

    Arachis hypogaea

Seeds Resveratrol, catechin, rutin, quercetin Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion and glucose uptake, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity [244,249,262,274]
  • 18.

    Artemisia absinthium

Rhizome α and β thujones, thujyl alcohol, azulene, cadinene Lowers blood glucose levels, activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, increases insulin sensitivity [16,275,276]
  • 19.

    Artocarpus heterophyllus

Leaves, rhizome Chrysin, silymarin, isoquercetin Lowers blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function and glucose tolerance, increases insulin sensitivity, inhibits Pro-inflammatory cytokines [78,271,277,278]
  • 20.

    Asparagus racemosus

Roots Asparagamine, asparagine, kaempferol, quercetin Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and tolerance [93,256,262]
  • 21.

    Atractylodes japonica

Rhizome Atractans A, B, C, atractylenolide III Lowers blood glucose levels, decreases insulin resistance [95,96,279]
  • 22.

    Azadirachta indica

Leaves Azadirachtin, nimbin, rutin, quercetin, campestrol Lowers blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, reduces cholesterol and triglyceride levels [97,98,249,280]
  • 23.

    Balanites aegyptiaca

Fruit, seeds Balantin 1, 2, diosgenin, 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose, triethylphosphine Increases serum insulin and c-peptide levels, increases glucose metabolism, decreases gluconeogenesis [16,281]
  • 24.

    Berberis vulgaris

Root bark Berberine, berbamine Increases insulin secretion, improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits α-glucosidase and aldose reductase activity [102,282,283]
  • 25.

    Bidens pilosa

Roots Cytopiloyne, apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin expression and secretion from beta cells, stimulates glucose metabolism, increases insulin sensitivity to cells [16,242,284,285,286]
  • 26.

    Bougainvillea spectabilis

Flowers, leaves Pinitol, quercetin, β-sitosterol Lowers fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin secretion, improves insulin sensitivity [16,250,262,287]
  • 27.

    Brassica juncea

Leaves, seeds Cinnamic acid, kaempferol, aniline Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion and glucose uptake, improves glucose tolerance [16,256,288]
  • 28.

    Bridelia ferruginea

Leaves, stem bark Epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate Lowers blood glucose levels, improves glucose tolerance, enhances insulin secretion, decreases gluconeogenesis [16,289,290]
  • 29.

    Bunium persicum

Seeds Linoleic acid, palmitic acid, kaempferol, camphene, linalool Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin levels in blood, improves insulin sensitivity, enhances glucose uptake and tolerance [256,291,292,293,294]
  • 30.

    Caesalpinia decapetala

Leaves Quercitrin, kaempferol, astragalin, apigenin-7-rhamnoside Decreases fasting blood glucose levels, increases insulin levels in blood, enhances antioxidant activity, improves glucose uptake, decreases nitric oxide [16,256,295,296]
  • 31.

    Calendula officinalis

Leaves, bark Caffeic acid, quercetin, esculetin Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin secretion, reduces diabetic oxidative stress, increases GLUT4 expression in adipocytes, improves glucose utilization [16,262,297,298]
  • 32.

    Camellia sinensis

Leaves Rutin, quercitrin Lowers blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance [117,249,295]
  • 33.

    Capsicum frutescens

Whole plant Capsaicin, β-carotene Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin levels, improves glucose tolerance, inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines [119,299,300]
  • 34.

    Carica papaya

Fruit, leaves Chlorogenic acid, coumarin compounds Lowers blood glucose levels, stimulates insulin secretion, increases insulin sensitivity, inhibits α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and aldose reductase activity [16,301,302]
  • 35.

    Cassia alata

Leaves, seeds Emodin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, enhances insulin sensitivity, inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate, carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase activity [16,250,256,266]
  • 36.

    Cassia fistula

Stalk Lupeol, kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin levels, reduces nitric oxide, improves glucose tolerance [244,246,257,303]
  • 37.

    Catharanthus roseus

Leaves, roots Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, vindoline I Lowers blood glucose levels, stimulates insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines [16,301,304,305]
  • 38.

    Cecropia obtusifolia

Root, bark Isoorientin, stigmast-4-en-3-one, chlorogenic acid, β-sitosterol Reduces blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, enhances glucose uptake, decreases cholesterol and triglyceride levels, inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase and hepatic glucose, improves glucose tolerance [78,306,307]
  • 39.

    Cichorium intybus

Bark, leaves Chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, β-sitosterol Lowers blood glucose levels, stimulates insulin release, improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucose-6-phosphatase activity, prevents oxidative stress [22,78,132,301,308]
  • 40.

    Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Bark Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol Decreases blood glucose levels, reduces insulin resistance, inhibits α-glucosidase activity and formation of advanced glycated end products, inhibits sugar binding to albumin [134,309,310]
  • 41.

    Citrus limon

Fruit Diosmin, hesperetin Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, enhances glucose utilization, stimulates β-endorphine secretion from adrenal glands, inhibits gluconeogenesis [16,311,312]
  • 42.

    Citrus x aurantium

Fruit Naringin, naringenin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate Decreases blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, increases GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscles, decreases gluconeogenesis [16,289,290,313]
  • 43.

    Cola nitida

Seeds D-catechin, L-epicatechin, naringenin, apigenin Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin sensitivity, decreases oxidative stress, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity [16,244,246]
  • 44.

    Coptis chinensis

Rhizome Berberine, jatrorrhizine Lowers blood glucose levels, enhances aerobic glycolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity [33,282,314]
  • 45.

    Cornus officinalis

Fruit, seeds Gymnemagenin, gymnemic acid, ursolic acid Lowers fasting blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and tolerance, inhibits protein glycation [143,279,315,316]
  • 46.

    Curcuma longa

Rhizome Curcumin, turmerin Decreases fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, inhibits α-amylase, α-glucosidase activity, and diabetic inflammatory processes [78,317,318]
  • 47.

    Cudrania cochinchinensis

Bark, roots Kaempferol, vanillin, β-sitosterol Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin levels, decreases serum advanced glycation end products, improves glucose uptake, reduces insulin resistance [250,256,319,320]
  • 48.

    Cyamopsis tetragonoloba

Fruit Quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid Lowers plasma glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, decreases triglyceride levels [16,256,262,304]
  • 49.

    Dalbergia sissoo

Bark Biochanin A, tectorigenin, rhamnoglucoside, dalbergin, dalbergichromene Lowers blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, reduces insulin resistance [321,322,323]
  • 50.

    Eriobotrya japonica

Leaves, seeds Cinchonain-Ib, timosaponin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin Lowers blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, enhances insulin secretion and sensitivity, improves glucose tolerance [246,279,301,324,325]
  • 51.

    Eucalyptus citriodora

Leaves Betulinic acid, gallic acid, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rhodomyrtosone E Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, improves glucose tolerance and antioxidant activity, decreases triglyceride levels, [155,295,304,326]
  • 52.

    Eucalyptus globulus

Leaves Eucalyptol, rutin, sesquiterpene Lowers blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, reduces oxidative stress [157,249,327]
  • 53.

    Euclea undulata

Rootbark Botulin, lupeol, epicatechin Decreases serum glucose, increases insulin levels, improves insulin sensitivity, decreases glycosylated hemoglobin levels [78,246,257]
  • 54.

    Eugenia jambolana

Seeds Ellagic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin sensitivity, improves β-cell function, improves glucose tolerance, inhibits α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and glucose-6-phosphatase activity [11,272,301,304]
  • 55.

    Euphorbia hirta

Leaves Quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, decreases triglyceride levels, enhances glucose uptake [162,256,262,304]
  • 56.

    Ficus benghalensis

Bark, leaves Rutin, gallic acid, leucopelargonidin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, lupeol, α-amyrin acetate Decreases blood glucose levels, improve glucose tolerance and β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, [249,328,329,330]
  • 57.

    Garcinia kola

Seeds Kolaviron, ascorbic acid Decreases blood glucose level, stimulates insulin secretion, improves glucose utilization, inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase, exhibits free radical scavenging activity [16,331,332]
  • 58.

    Glycine max

Seeds Kaempferol, soyasaponin, genistein, β-sitosterol Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin levels in blood, decreases insulin resistance, improves glucose uptake, inhibits glucose absorption [16,250,256]
  • 59.

    Glycyrrhiza glabra

Roots Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, isoliquiritin Lowers postprandial rise in blood glucose levels, decreases glycosylated hemoglobin levels [333,334,335]
  • 60.

    Gymnema sylvestre

Leaves Gymnemoside A,B,C,D,E,F, quercitol, lupeol, gymnemic acid Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin secretion, inhibits glucose absorption in the small intestine [149,257,315,336]
  • 61.

    Harungana madagascariensis

Leaves Harunganin, lupeol, betulinic acid, quercetin, β-sitosterol Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin secretion, decreases insulin resistance, prevents diabetic nephropathy [16,250,257,262,337,338]
  • 62.

    Helicteres isora

Roots Gallic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin levels in blood, decreases triglyceride levels, reduces serum advanced glycation end products concentration, improves glucose tolerance [175,304,319,339]
  • 63.

    Heritiera fomes

Bark Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, epicatechin, procyanidins, proanthocyanidins, quercitrin Decreases blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin levels, reduces insulin resistance, improves glucose uptake [26,176,250,340]
  • 64.

    Hibiscus esculentus

Roots, seeds Isoquercitrin, quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside Decreases serum glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance [16,341]
  • 65.

    Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Leaves Quercetin, cyanidin, thiamine, ascorbic acid, niacin Decreases blood glucose concentration, increases insulin synthesis and secretion, reduces oxidative stress, improves endothelial functions, and reduces complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus [179,262,342,343]
  • 66.

    Jatropha curcas

Leaves Rhoifolin, isoorientin, isoquercitrin Decreases plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, stimulates glucose uptake, inhibits DPP-IV activity [241,306]
  • 67.

    Lantana camara

Leaves Lantanoside, ferulic acid, oleanolic acid, caffeic acid Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose utilization, reduces oxidative stress [255,297,344]
  • 68.

    Linum usitatissimum

Seeds Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin secretion, reduces diabetic oxidative stress, enhances antioxidant activity [297,339,344,345]
  • 69.

    Mangifera indica

Leaves, seeds Mangiferin, gallic acid, kaempferol, curcumin Lowers fasting blood glucose levels, improves glucose tolerance, increases insulin secretion, reduces triglyceride and cholesterol levels, inhibits oxidative stress and diabetic inflammatory processes [16,256,269,304,317]
  • 70.

    Momordica charantia

Leaves, seeds Charantin, vicine, momordicine II, oleanolic acid Lowers blood glucose levels, stimulates insulin release, inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase and glucose transport in intestines [22,134,255,336]
  • 71.

    Moringa oleifera

Leaves Quercetin, kaempferol, vanillin, chlorogenic acid Lowers plasma glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, decreases the concentration of serum advanced glycation end products [16,22,189,256,319]
  • 72.

    Murraya koenigii

Leaves Mahanimbine, isomahanine, ascorbic acid, kaempferol, quercetin Lowers blood glucose levels, reduces triglyceride levels, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance [78,191,346]
  • 73.

    Musa sapientum

Flowers Rutin, delphinidin, syringin Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, reduces reactive oxygen species generation, prevents high glucose-induced cell proliferation [16,249,347]
  • 74.

    Nigella sativa

Seeds Thymoquinone, thymol, α-pinene, oleic acid, linoleic acid Lowers blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, promotes insulin secretion, reduces insulin resistance, decreases oxidative stress [291,348,349,350]
  • 75.

    Ocimum basicllicum

Leaves Linalool, linolen, eugenol, geraniol Lowers blood glucose levels, improves glucose uptake, inhibits advanced glycation end products generation and α-glucosidase activity [196,197,310,351]
  • 76.

    Ocimum sanctum

Leaves Eugenol, carvacrol, β-sitosterol, linalool Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, decreases carbohydrate digestion and absorption, inhibits α-glucosidase activity, reduces insulin resistance [149,248,250,310]
  • 77.

    Olea europaea

Leaves Oleuropein, oleanolic acid, luteolin Maintains blood glucose levels, promotes insulin secretion, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits gluconeogenesis [16,242,255,352]
  • 78.

    Panax ginseng

Roots Ginsenoside Rb2, Rg2 Regenerates pancreatic beta cells, increases glucose uptake, reduces insulin resistance, and improves insulin sensitivity [248,279,353]
  • 79.

    Panda oleosa

Stem bark Ginsenoside Rb2, protapananadiol/triol Increases glucose uptake, reduces insulin resistance, and improves insulin sensitivity [204,353]
  • 80.

    Phaseolus vulgaris

Seeds Hydroxycinnamic acid, rutin, quercetin, orientin, petunidin, catechin Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, reduces oxidative stress [16,149,244,249,262]
  • 81.

    Phyllanthus amarus

Leaves Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, inhibits oxidative stress-induced hepatic insulin resistance, inhibits gluconeogenesis [16,255,316]
  • 82.

    Plantago ovata

Husk Kaempferol, catechin, myricetin, pinocembrin Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, reduces insulin resistance, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity [208,244,256,354]
  • 83.

    Pterocarpus marsupium

Bark Epicatechin, marsupin, carsupin, marsupol Lowers blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, enhances insulin release, improves glucose uptake [149,246]
  • 84.

    Punica granatum

Flowers Gallic acid, rutin, nictoflorin Lowers blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, decreases triglyceride levels [16,249,304]
  • 85.

    Rehmannia glutinosa

Roots Catalpol, rehmannioside Lowers blood glucose levels, prevents diabetic complications, promotes glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis, reduces oxidative stress [214,279]
  • 86.

    Santalum album

Bark Spirosantalol, α-santalene, α-santalol, β-santalol, α-bergamotol Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, decreases total cholesterol and triglyceride levels [355]
  • 87.

    Selaginella bryopteris

Leaves Gallic acid, rutin Decreases plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, improves glucose tolerance, decreases triglyceride levels, inhibits inflammatory cytokines [249,304,356]
  • 88.

    Sesamum indicum

Seeds Pinoresinol, sesamin, sesaminol Lowers fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, inhibits α-glucosidase activity [16,357,358]
  • 89.

    Solanum nigrum

Leaves Gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, naringenin Lowers blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function and glucose tolerance, increases insulin secretion, reduces insulin resistance, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity [220,244,246,249,304,313]
  • 90.

    Spirulina platensis

Whole plant p-coumaric acid, catechin, β-carotene Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin levels, reduces insulin resistance, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, reduces oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory biomarkers [222,244,300,339]
  • 91.

    Swertia chirayita

Bark, leaves Swerchirin, mangiferin, swertiamarin, amarogentin Lowers blood glucose levels, promotes insulin release, inhibits glucosidase and glucuronidase activity [30,268,269,336]
  • 92.

    Tamarindus indica

Seeds Apigenin, naringenin, catechin, epictaechin, taxifolin Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, improves glucose tolerance, increases insulin sensitivity [244,246,313,359]
  • 93.

    Terminalia arjuna

Bark Arjungenin, arjunolone, ellagic acid, derivatives of arjunic acid Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin sensitivity, decreases free radical damage [29,360]
  • 94.

    Terminalia chebula

Fruit Chebulagic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, tannic acid Lowers blood glucose levels, improve glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism, stimulates glucose transport, decreases triglyceride levels [245,304,360,361,362]
  • 95.

    Tinospora cordifolia

Leaves, roots, stem Tinosporaside, berberine, syringin Lowers plasma glucose levels, stimulates insulin synthesis and secretion, decreases triglyceride levels, improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits gluconeogenesis [149,282,363]
  • 96.

    Trigonella foenum-graecum

Seeds Galactomannan, diosgenin, coumarin Decreases blood glucose levels, stimulates insulin release, inhibits α-glucosidase and aldose reductase activity, increases insulin sensitivity [16,302,364,365]
  • 97.

    Urtica dioica

Leaves Quercetin, quercitrin, rutin Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin secretion, reduces insulin resistance, improves antioxidant activity [16,249,262,295]
  • 98.

    Vernonia amygdalina

Leaves Sobrerol, vernoamyoside E, luteolin, vitamin E Lowers blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, increases insulin secretion, enhances insulin sensitivity, reduces oxidative stress [16,235,242,366,367]
  • 99.

    Withania coagulans

Fruit Withanolides, withacoagulin, withanosides, withaferin A Lowers blood glucose levels, exhibits free radical scavenging activity, inhibits DPP-IV activity [368,369]
  • 100.

    Zingiber officinale

Rhizome Gingerol, 6-paradol, 6-shogaol, camphene Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin levels, improves glucose tolerance and utilization, decreases cholesterol levels [16,253,254,293]