. 2022 Jun 24;14(13):2627. doi: 10.3390/nu14132627

Table 1.

Study and participant characteristics of the 22 included randomised controlled trials.

Author, Year	Intervention, Dose	Duration [Weeks]	Study Population BMI [kg/m²] Age [Years]	Comorbidities	Sample Size (Intervention/Control); % Female	Outcome Measures Evaluated									Additional Treatment	Country
Author, Year	Intervention, Dose	Duration [Weeks]	Study Population BMI [kg/m²] Age [Years]	Comorbidities	Sample Size (Intervention/Control); % Female	BW	BM	BF	WC	Hb	HO	BG	BI	CR	Additional Treatment	Country
Bomhof, 2019 [52]	FOS orally, 8–16 g/day	36	BMI ≥ 25 (Caucasian) or 23 (Asians) Age ≥ 18	NASH	n = 14 (8/6); 42.8% female	x	x		x		x	x	x		U	Canada
Bongartz, 2022 [53]	Flaxseed mucilage powder in water, 5.1 g/day	12	BMI 25–35 Age 18–65	NS	n = 67 (34/33); 70.1% female	x	x		x		x	x	x		ERD	Germany
Bongartz, 2022 [53]	Flaxseed mucilage powder in water, 2.6 g/day	12	BMI 25–35 Age 18–65	NS	n = 66 (33/33); 65.2% female	x	x		x		x	x	x		ERD	Germany
Calikoglu, 2021 [54]	Inulin + FOS powder in yogurt, 10 g/day	26	BMI ≥ 35 Age NR	NS	n = 30 (14/16); NR females	x	x			x	x	x	x		BS	Turkey
Cicero, 2010 [51]	Guar gum orally, 7 g/day	26	BMI 25–30 Age 50–70	Metabolic syndrome	n = 91 (46/45); 52.8% female	x			x	x	x	x	x		ERD	Italy
Dewulf, 2013 [55]	Inulin + FOS powder in fluid, 16 g/day	12	BMI ≥ 30 Age 18–65	NS	n = 30 (15/15); 100% female	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		U	Belgium
Genta, 2009 [56]	FOS syrup, 0.14 g/kg BW/day	17	BMI ≥ 30 Age 31–49	Dyslipidemia, constipation	n = 35 (20/15); 100% female	x	x		x		x	x	x		ERD, no FOS rich food	Argentina
Grube, 2013 [57]	Litramine IQP G-002AS tablets, 3 g/day	12	BMI 25–35 Age 18–60	NS	n = 118 (59/59); 75.6% females	x	x	x	x						ERD, PA	Germany
Grunberger, 2007 [58]	α-Cyclodextrin tablets, 6 g/day	12	BMI ≥ 30 Age ≥ 30	T2D	n = 47 (20/27); 53.2% female	x	x			x				x	U	USA
Guérin-Deremaux, 2011 [59,60]	Nutriose ² powder in fruit juice, 29 g/day	12	BMI 24–28 Age 20–35	NS	n = 113 (57/56); 0% female	x	x								U	China
Hassan, 2020 [61]	Inulin + RS pasta, 15 g/100 g pasta/day	12	BMI ≥30 Age 43.4 ± 10.3 ¹	NS	n = 30 (15/15); 80.0% female	x	x			x		x	x		ERD	Italy
Hess, 2020 [62,63]	Inulin powder in milk, 20 g/day	12	BMI 28–45 Age 18–60	NS	n = 86 (42/44); 64.0% female	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	ERD, FI	Denmark
Jensen, 2012 [64]	Alginate powder in water, 15 g/day	12	BMI 30–45 Age 20–55	NS	n = 80 (38/42); 67.5% female	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	ERD, Calcium	Denmark
Kristensen, 2017 [65]	Flaxseed DF powder in fluid or food, 5 g/day	12	BMI 30–40 Age 20–60	NS	n = 16 (10/6); 80.7% female	x			x	x	x	x	x	x	ERD, Orlistat, Vitamins	Denmark
Kristensen, 2017 [65]	Flaxseed DF powder in fluid or food, 5 g/day	12	BMI 30–40 Age 20–60	NS	n = 22 (10/12); 80.6% female	x			x	x	x	x	x	x	ERD, Orlistat, Vitamins, Calcium	Denmark
Pal, 2016 [66]	PGX ³ powder in water, 15 g/day	52	BMI 19–68 Age 25–47	NS	n = 57 (25/32); 53.6% female	x ⁴									U	Australia
Parnell, 2009 [67,68]	FOS powder in fluid, 21 g/day	12	BMI > 25 Age 20–70	NS	n = 39 (21/18); 82.0% female	x		x	x						U	Canada
Pol, 2018 [69]	FOS bar, 16 g/day	12	BMI 25–35 Age 20–60	NS	n = 55 (29/26) 65.5% female	x		x	x						U	Netherlands
Reimer, 2021 [70]	PGX ³ sprinkled on food, 15–20 g/day	52	BMI 27–60 Age 18–75	T2D	n = 100 (53/47); 68.3% female	x	x		x	x					ERD	Canada
Reimer, 2017 [71]	FOS + Inulin bar, 8 g/day	12	BMI > 25 Age 18–75	NS	n = 53 (26/27); 54.2% female	x	x	x	x	x					U	Canada
Reimer, 2017 [71]	FOS + Inulin protein bar, 8 g/day	12	BMI > 25 Age 18–75	NS	n = 43 (21/22); 51.5% female	x	x	x	x	x					U	Canada
Reimer, 2013 [72]	PGX ³ powder with yogurt, 15 g/day	14	BMI 24–30 Age 20–65	NS	n = 64 (32/32); 56.3% female	x	x		x		x	x	x		U	Japan
Solah, 2017 [73]	PGX ³ softgel capsules with water, 8–11 g/day	12	BMI 25–35 Age 25–70	NS	n = 51 (32/19); 77.5% female	x ⁴									U	Australia
Solah, 2017 [73]	PGX ³ granules in food or fluid, 12 g/day	12	BMI 25–35 Age 25–70	NS	n = 51 (32/19); 76.3% female	x ⁴									U	Australia
Tovar, 2012 [74]	Inulin powder in milk with PMR powder, 10 g/day	12	BMI > 25 Age 18–50	NS	n = 51 (23/28); 100% female	x									ERD, PMR	Mexico
Tovar, 2012 [74]	Inulin powder in fluid, 10 g/day	12	BMI > 25 Age 18–50	NS	n = 59 (30/29); 100% female	x									ERD	Mexico
Wood, 2006 [75,76]	Glucomannan capsules with water, 3 g/day	12	BMI 25–35 Age 20–69	NS	n = 29 (14/15); 0% female	x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	ERD, vitamins	USA

Age = age range of included subjects or ¹ mean ± SD; ² resistant corn dextrin, ³ combination of glucomannan, sodium alginate, and xanthan gum; ⁴ SD after 12 weeks estimated according to Cochrane; BG = fasting blood glucose; BI = fasting blood insulin; BM = BMI; BS = bariatric surgery; BW = body weight; CR = C-reactive protein; DF = dietary fibre; ERD = energy-restricted diet; FI = recommendation on dietary fibre intake; FOS = fructooligosaccharides; Hb = HbA1c; HO = HOMA-IR; NASH = non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NR = not reported; NS = not specified; NT = no treatment; PA = physical activity; PMR = partial meal replacement; RS = resistant starch; T2D = type 2 diabetes; U = usual diet and physical activity; WC = waist circumference.