Table 1.
Impact of chokeberry fruit on anthropometric measurements in intervention studies.
| Number of Participants (n) (Women/Men) |
Characteristics of the Group | Type of Chokeberry Product | Dose of Chokeberry Product per Day | Time of Intervention (Weeks) | Changes in Diet | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
n = 44 (11/33) |
Myocardial infarctionand statin therapy for at least 6 months (mean age 66, BMI 26.5 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry flavonoid extract (Aronox, Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) | 3 × 85 mg | 6 | No changes | BMI↔ | [78] |
|
n = 47 (32/15) |
MetS (n = 25, age 42–65, BMI 31.05 kg/m2) Healthy (n = 22, BMI 24.15 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Aronox, Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) |
3 × 100 mg | 8 | No changes | BMI↔, WC↔ |
[77] |
|
n = 52 (31/21) |
MetS (n = 38, age 42–65, BMI 31.1 kg/m2), healthy (n = 14, age 42–65, BMI 24.4 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) | 3 × 100 mg | 8 | Low-fat diet | BMI↔, WC↔ |
[74] |
|
n = 70 (42/28) |
Group I: patients with MetS who received chokeberry extract supplements (n = 25, age 50–69, BMI 30.9 kg/m2) Group II: healthy—control group (n = 45, age 55–71, BMI 23 kg/m2) Group III: patients with MetS treated with ACE inhibitors—control group (n = 25, age 50–69, BMI 29.2 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Aronox, Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) | 3 × 100 mg | 8 | No changes (inhibition product containing chokeberry) | BMI↔, WC↔ |
[75] |
|
n = 20 (20/0) |
Postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity (WC > 88 cm, age 45–65, BMI 36.1 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry supplement (Nutrika d.o.o., Belgrade, Serbia), prepared from pure chokeberry juice enriched with 2 g of stable glucomannan fibers (Luralean, Shimizu, Japan) |
100 mL | 4 | No changes | BMI↓, WC↓ BW↔ |
[72] |
|
n = 38 (24/14) |
Mildly elevated BP, SBP 130–159 mmHg, DBP 85–99 mmHg (mean age 55.8, BMI < 35 kg/m2) |
Cold-pressed 100% chokeberry juice (Kiantama Ltd., Suomussalmi, Finland) or convection oven-dried chokeberry powder (Finnish Berry Powders Ltd., Ähtäri, Finland) |
300 mL chokeberry juice or 3 g dried chokeberry powder | 8 | No changes | BMI↔, BW↔ |
[76] |
|
n = 84 (52/32) |
Subjects with cardiovascular risks (mean age 40.6, BMI 27.29 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry juice with a high-dose of polyphenols and chokeberry juice with a low-dose of polyphenols (Nutrika Ltd., Belgrade, Serbia) |
100 mL | 4 | Avoiding excessive quantities of other foods rich in polyphenols | Low-dose of polyphenols group: BMI↔ High-dose of polyphenols group: BMI↔ |
[73] |
|
n = 144 (74/70) |
MetS according to the AHA guidelines (age 50–60, BMI 30.1–34.4 kg/m2) I. n = 42, fMetS II. n = 42, mMetS III. n = 32, fMetS-DM IV. n = 28, mMetS-DM |
Standarized chokeberry extract (Alixir 400 PROTECT, Pharmanova, Belgrade, Serbia) | 30 mL of extract (prior or during dinner) | 4 | No changes | fMetS: BW↓, WC↓, BMI↔ mMetS: BW↓, WC↓, BMI↔ fMetS-DM: BW↓, WC↓, BMI↔ mMetS-DM: BW↓, WC↓, BMI↓ |
[71] |
↑—increase, ↓—decrease, ↔—no changes, BMI—body mass index; BP—blood pressure; BW—body weight; DBP—diastolic blood pressure; DM2—type 2 diabetes mellitus; fMetS—female with metabolic syndrome; fMetS-DM—female with metabolic syndrome and confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus; MetS—metabolic syndrome; mMetS—male with metabolic syndrome; mMetS-DM—male with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus; nd—no data; SBP—systolic blood pressure; WC—waist circumference.