Table 3.
Impact of chokeberry on blood pressure in intervention studies.
| Number of Participants (n) (Women/Men) |
Characteristics of the Group | Type of Chokeberry Product | Dose of Chokeberry Product per Day | Time of Intervention (Weeks) | Changes in Diet | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
n = 44 (11/33) |
Myocardialinfarction and statin therapy for at least 6 months (mean age 66, BMI 26.5 kg/m2) | Chokeberry flavonoid extract (Aronox, Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) | 3 × 85 mg | 6 | No changes | SBP↓, DBP↓ |
[78] |
|
n = 58 (0/58) |
Mild hypocholesterolemia (TC > 200 mg/dL) without pharmacological treatment (mean age 54.1, BMI 27.7 kg/m2) | Organic chokebery juice (A. M. Lech, Dzieciolowo, Poland) | 250 mL | 18 (12 weeks with drinking chokeberry juice) | No changes | SBP↓, DBP↓ |
[103] |
|
n = 47 (32/15) |
MetS (n = 25, age 42–65, BMI 31.05 kg/m2), healthy (n = 22, BMI 24.15 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Aronox, Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) | 3 × 100 mg | 8 | No changes | SBP↓, DBP↓ endthoteline-1↓ |
[77] |
|
n = 70 (42/28) |
Group I: patients with MetS who received chokeberry extract supplements (n = 25, age 50–69, BMI 30.9 kg/m2) Group II: healthy—control group (n = 45, age 55–71, BMI 23 kg/m2) Group III: patients with MetS treated with ACE inhibitors—control group (n = 25, age 50–69, BMI 29.2 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Aronox, Agropharm, Pieńków, Poland) | 3 × 100 mg | 8 | No changes (inhibition product containing chokeberry) | SBP↓, DBP↓, ACE↓ |
[75] |
|
n = 20 (20/0) |
Postmenopausal women withabdominal obesity (WC > 88 cm, age 45–65, BMI 36.1 kg/m2) | Chokeberry supplement (Nutrika d.o.o., Belgrade, Serbia), prepared from pure chokeberry juice enriched with 2 g of stable glucomannan fibers (Luralean, Shimizu, Japan) |
100 mL | 4 | No changes | SBP↓, DBP↔ |
[72] |
|
n = 23 (11/12) |
High normal BP or grade I hypertension: SBP = 130–159 mmHg, DBP = 85–99 mmHg, no regular use of antihypertensive drugs (mean age 47.5, BMI nd) |
Organic chokeberry juice (Conimex Trade d.o.o., Belgrade, Serbia) |
200 mL | 4 | No changes | 24 h SBP↓, 24 h DBP↔, awake SBP↓, awake DBP↓, sleep SBP↔, sleep DBP↔ 24 h pulse blood pressure↔, sleep pulse blood pressure↔, awake pulse blood pressure↓ |
[79] |
|
n = 38 (24/14) |
Mildly elevated BP: SBP 130–159 mmHg, DBP 85–99 mmHg (mean age 55.8, BMI < 35 kg/m2) without DM2 |
Cold-pressed 100% chokeberry juice (Kiantama Ltd., Finland) or convection oven-dried chokeberry powder (Finnish Berry Powders Ltd., Finland) |
300 mL chokeberry juice or 3 g dried chokeberry powder | 8 | No changes | daytime ambulatory DBP↓ 24 h SBP/DBP↔, daytime ambulatory SBP↔, night SBP/DBP↔, awake SBP/DBP↔, sleep SBP/DBP↔ |
[76] |
|
n = 35 (23/12) |
DM2 and oral antidiabetic drugs therapy for at least 6 months (mean age 56.3, BMI 28.8 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry juice (Nutrica d.o.o., Belgrade, Serbia) | 150 mL (three times daily for 50 mL) | 12 | No changes | SBP↔, DBP↔ | [100] |
|
n = 84 (52/32) |
Subjects with cardiovascular risks (mean age 40.6, BMI 27.29 kg/m2) | Chokeberry juice with a high dose of polyphenols and chokeberry juice with a low dose of polyphenols (Nutrika LTD, Belgrade, Serbia) |
100 mL | 4 | Avoiding excessive quantities of other foods rich in polyphenols | low-dose of polyphenols group: SBP↔, DBP↔ high-dose of polyphenols group: SBP↓, DBP↓ |
[73] |
|
n = 144 (74/70) |
MetS according to the AHA guidelines (age 50–60, BMI 30.1–34.4 kg/m2) I. n = 42, fMetS II. n = 42, mMetS III. n = 32, fMetS-DM IV. n = 28, mMetS-DM |
Standarized chokeberry extract (Alixir 400 PROTECT, Pharmanova, Belgrade, Serbia) | 30 mL of extract (prior or during dinner) | 4 | No changes | fMetS: SBP↓, DBP↓, HR↔ mMetS: SBP↓, DBP↓, HR↔ fMetS-DM: SBP↓, DBP↓, HR↔ mMetS-DM: SBP↓, DBP↓, HR↔ |
[71] |
↑—increase, ↓—decrease, ↔—no changes, ACE—angiotensin-converting enzyme; AHA—American Heart Association; BMI—body mass index; BP—blood pressure; DBP—diastolic blood pressure; DM2—diabetes mellitus 2; fMetS—female with metabolic syndrome; fMetS-DM—female with metabolic syndrome and confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus; HR—heart rate; MetS—metabolic syndrome; mMetS—male with metabolic syndrome; mMetS-DM—male with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus; nd—no data; SBP—systolic blood pressure; WC—waist circumference.