Table 9.
Impact of chokeberry on uric acid and creatinine levels in intervention studies.
| Number of Participants (n) (Women/Men) |
Characteristics of the Group | Type of Chokeberry Product | Dose of Chokeberry Product per Day | Time of Intervention (Weeks) | Changes in Diet | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
n = 58 (0/58) |
Mild hypocholesterolemia (TC > 200 mg/dL) without pharmacological treatment (mean age 54.1, BMI 27.7 kg/m2) | Organic chokebery juice (A. M. Lech Dzieciolowo, Poland) | 250 mL | 18 (12 weeks with drinking chokeberry juice) | No changes | uric acid↔ | [103] |
|
n = 47 (32/15) |
MetS (n = 25, age 42–65, BMI 31.05 kg/m2), healthy (n = 22, BMI 24.15 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry extract (Agropharm, Poland) | 3 × 100 mg | 8 | No changes | uric acid↔ | [77] |
|
n = 23 (11/12) |
High normal BP or grade I hypertension: SBP = 130–159 mmHg, DBP = 85–99 mmHg, no regular use of antihypertensive drugs (mean age 47.5, BMI nd) |
Organic chokeberry juice (Conimex Trade d.o.o., Belgrade, Serbia) |
200 mL | 4 | No changes | uric acid↔, urea↔, creatinine ↔ |
[79] |
|
n = 35 (23/12) |
DM2 and oral antidiabetic drugs therapy for at least 6 months (mean age 56.3, BMI 28.8 kg/m2) |
Chokeberry juice (Nutrica d.o.o., Belgrade, Serbia) | 150 mL (three times daily for 50 mL) | 12 | No changes | creatinine↓, urea↔, urine creatinine↔, microalbuminuria↔ |
[100] |
↑—increase, ↓—decrease, ↔—no changes, BMI—body mass index; BP—blood pressure; DBP—diastolic blood pressure; DM2—type 2 diabetes mellitus; MetS—metabolic syndrome; nd—no data; SBP—systolic blood pressure.