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. 2022 Jun 30;14(13):2738. doi: 10.3390/nu14132738

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Establishing the inflammatory response upon spike S1 glycoprotein induction in A549 lung cells and THP-1 macrophages. PMA-treated THP-1 macrophage (6.5 × 105 cell/well) and A549 (at 3 × 105 cell/well) were seeded in 6-well plates and incubated overnight, then challenged with 100 ng/mL of spike glycoprotein S1 (SP) for 0–48 h for A549 and 0–6 h for THP-1 macrophage and the supernatants were collected and the cells were extracted for total RNA using TRIzol® reagent. The fold-change of inflammatory gene expressions (NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18) in response to SP induction in A549 cells (A) and in THP-1 macrophages (B) were determined using RT-PCR. The inflammatory cytokine secretions (IL-6, IL1β, and IL-18) in A549 cells (C) and in THP-1 macrophages (D) upon SP induction were determined using ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. values of at least three independent experiments. * p < 0.05 vs. non-treated control group. SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; IL-6, Interleukin-6; NLRP3, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-18, interleukin-18.