Figure 5.
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and peonidin-3-o-glucoside (P3G) suppressed the inflammatory gene expressions upon SP induction in A549 lung cells and THP-1 macrophages. A549 (at 3 × 105 cell/well) and PMA-treated THP-1 macrophage (6.5 × 105 cell/well) were pre-treated with the active compounds at the concentration of 0–10 μg/mL for 4 h, and then challenged with 100 ng/mL of SP for 3 h, then the total RNA was extracted using TRIzol® reagent. The effect of C3G (A,B) and P3G (C,D) on fold-change inhibition of inflammatory gene expressions (NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18) in A549 cells and in THP-1 macrophages upon SP induction were determined using RT-PCR. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. values of at least three independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. SP-induced control group. † p < 0.05 vs. non-treated control group.