Table 3.
Changes in hepatic function outcomes at 6 months, stratified by prediabetes status 1, per intention-to-treat and protocol adherence analyses.
| Outcome | Within-Group Differences | Mean between-Group Difference 2 (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Avocado Allotment(n = 37) | High Avocado Allotment(n = 35) | |||||||
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | p-Value 3 | Mean (95% CI) | p-Value 3 | |||
| Prediabetes | Prediabetes | Prediabetes | Prediabetes | |||||
| Yes (n = 18) | No (n = 19) | Yes (n = 15) | No (n = 20) | Yes | No | |||
| hsCRP, mg/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | −0.2 (−1.7 to 1.2) | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.4) | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.7) | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) | −0.0 (−1.7 to 1.6) | 0.95 | 0.0 (−0.7 to 0.7) | 0.99 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | −0.3 (−1.4 to 0.8) | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.4) | −0.1 (−1.4 to 1.1) | −0.2 (−0.8 to 0.3) | −0.2 (−1.9 to 1.5) | 0.82 | 0.1 (−0.7 to 0.9) | 0.77 |
| Protocol adherence 5–7 | −0.2 (−1.6 to 1.3) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.8) | −0.3 (−1.8 to 1.1) | −0.4 (−1.0 to 0.2) | 0.2 (−2.0 to 2.3) | 0.86 | 0.5 (−0.4 to 1.5) | 0.29 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–7 | −0.2 (−1.6 to 1.2) | 0.2 (−0.5 to 0.9) | −0.3 (−1.7 to 1.2) | −0.5 (−1.1 to 0.1) | −0.1 (−2.1 to 2.2) | 0.98 | 0.7 (−0.3 to 1.7) | 0.16 |
| GGT, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | 8.1 (−15.0 to 31.1) | −0.9 (−2.5 to 0.7) | −2.6 (−8.0 to 2.8) | 1.9 (−3.5 to 7.3) | 10.7 (−12.8 to 34.1) | 0.35 | −2.8 (−8.3 to 2.8) | 0.31 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | 7.4 (−9.5 to 24.2) | −0.4 (−4.5 to 3.7) | −1.8 (−20.3 to 16.7) | 1.5 (−2.5 to 5.5) | 9.1 (−16.0 to 34.3) | 0.46 | −1.9 (−7.8 to 4.0) | 0.52 |
| Protocol adherence 5–7 | 17.3 (−2.1 to 36.8) | −2.4 (−7.5 to 2.7) | −10.3 (−29.7 to 9.2) | 3.0 (−1.5 to 7.5) | 27.6 (−1.6 to 56.8) | 0.06 | −5.4 (−12.8 to 2.1) | 0.16 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–7 | 16.5 (−3.0 to 35.9) | −1.8 (−7.1 to 3.6) | −9.4 (−28.8 to 10.0) | 2.5 (−2.2 to 7.1) | 25.9 (−3.4 to 55.1) | 0.09 | −4.2 (−12.2 to 3.8) | 0.29 |
| AST, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | 0.0 (−4.7 to 4.7) | −0.7 (−4.2 to 2.9) | −5.3 (−12.2 to 1.6) | 1.1 (−2.1 to 4.3) | 5.3 (−2.5 to 13.0) | 0.18 | −1.8 (−6.4 to 2.8) | 0.44 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | −0.3 (−5.5 to 4.9) | 0.0 (−3.4 to 3.3) | −4.9 (−10.6 to 0.8) | 0.5 (−2.7 to 3.7) | 4.7 (−3.1 to 12.4) | 0.23 | −0.5 (−5.3 to 4.2) | 0.82 |
| Protocol adherence 5–7 | −1.0 (−7.6 to 5.5) | −0.5 (−4.8 to 3.8) | −4.2 (−10.8 to 2.3) | 0.8 (−2.9 to 4.6) | 3.2 (−6.6 to 13.0) | 0.51 | −1.3 (−7.6 to 5.0) | 0.67 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–7 | −1.3 (−7.8 to 5.2) | 0.6 (−3.8 to 4.9) | −3.9 (−10.4 to 2.6) | 0.0 (−3.8 to 3.8) | 2.6 (−7.2 to 12.4) | 0.59 | 0.6 (−6.0 to 7.1) | 0.86 |
| ALT, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | 0.5 (−9.1 to 10.1) | −0.9 (−5.4 to 3.5) | −6.3 (−15.3 to 2.8) | 1.9 (−1.4 to 5.2) | 6.8 (−6.0 to 19.6) | 0.29 | −2.8 (−8.2 to 2.5) | 0.28 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI4 | 0.2 (−8.5 to 8.8) | −0.3 (−4.2 to 3.6) | −5.9 (−15.4 to 3.7) | 1.3 (−2.5 to 5.0) | 6.0 (−6.9 to 19.0) | 0.35 | −1.6 (−7.1 to 3.9) | 0.56 |
| Protocol adherence 5–7 | −0.4 (−11.2 to 10.5) | −0.5 (−5.5 to 4.5) | −5.3 (−16.2 to 5.6) | 1.4 (−2.9 to 5.8) | 5.0 (−11.4 to 21.3) | 0.54 | −1.9 (−9.2 to 5.4) | 0.60 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–7 | −0.7 (−11.7 to 10.2) | 0.6 (−4.5 to 5.7) | −4.9 (−15.9 to 6.0) | 0.5 (−3.9 to 5.0) | 4.2 (−12.3 to 20.7) | 0.61 | 0.1 (−7.6 to 7.6) | 0.99 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | −1.9 (−9.7 to 5.8) | −3.5 (−6.6 to −0.3) | −4.6 (−9.2 to 0.0) | 0.1 (−3.6 to 3.8) | 2.7 (−6.1 to 11.4) | 0.54 | −3.6 (−8.3 to 1.1) | 0.13 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | −2.0 (−8.3 to 4.3) | −3.8 (−7.3 to −0.4) | −4.6 (−11.5 to 2.3) | 0.4 (−2.9 to 3.8) | 2.6 (−6.8 to 12.0) | 0.57 | −4.3 (−9.2 to 0.7) | 0.09 |
| Protocol adherence 5–7 | 0.1 (−7.2 to 7.4) | −4.7 (−9.1 to −0.4) | −7.0 (−14.3 to 0.3) | 0.6 (−3.2 to 4.4) | 7.1 (−3.9 to 18.1) | 0.20 | −5.3 (−11.7 to 1.0) | 0.10 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–7 | 0.0 (−7.5 to 7.6) | −5.4 (−9.9 to −0.9) | −7.0 (−14.5 to 0.5) | 1.1 (−2.8 to 5.1) | 7.0 (−4.3 to 18.3) | 0.21 | −6.5 (−13.3 to 0.2) | 0.06 |
| NAFLD fibrosis score | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.6) | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.4) | 0.98 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) | 0.38 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 0.2 (0.0 to 0.5) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.6) | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.4) | 0.97 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.2) | 0.49 |
| Protocol adherence 5–7 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 0.83 | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.5) | 0.98 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–7 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.7) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 0.84 | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.6) | 0.87 |
1 Defined as a fasting glucose level ≥100 mg/dL or glycosylated hemoglobin ≥5.7% and/or reported use of glucose-lowering medication, at baseline. 2 Mean difference is low-high avocado allotment group. 3 From unpaired t-test or ANCOVA model (adjusted for Healthy Eating Index 2015 score at Month 6 and/or intervention adherence), where appropriate. 4 Adjusted for Healthy Eating Index 2015 score at Month 6. 5 Adjusted for intervention adherence. 6 Sample size by intervention group allocation (low avocado allotment/high avocado allotment): 31/35 at month 6. 7 Sample size by prediabetes/diabetes status (yes/no) for low avocado allotment: 15/16 and for high avocado allotment: 15/20 at month 6. ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; hsCRP, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.