Table 4.
Changes in hepatic function outcomes at 6 months after accounting for change in avocado intake 1, per intention-to-treat and protocol adherence analyses.
| Outcome | Within-Group Differences | Mean between-Group Difference 2 (95% CI) | p-Value 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Avocado Allotment | High Avocado Allotment | |||
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |||
| (n = 37) | (n = 35) | |||
| hsCRP, mg/L | ||||
| Intention-to-treat | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) | −0.3 (−0.9 to 0.4) | 0.2 (−0.8 to 1.2) | 0.73 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | −0.2 (−0.8 to 0.5) | −0.2 (−0.9 to 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.9 to 1.1) | 0.91 |
| Protocol adherence 5,6 | −0.1 (−0.9 to 0.6) | −0.3 (−0.9 to 0.4) | 0.2 (−0.9 to 1.2) | 0.80 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–6 | −0.2 (−0.9 to 0.5) | −0.2 (−0.9 to 0.5) | 0.0 (−1.1 to 1.1) | 0.99 |
| GGT, IU/L | ||||
| Intention-to-treat | 6.0 (−2.6 to 14.6) | −2.7 (−11.6 to 6.1) | 8.7 (−4.5 to 21.9) | 0.19 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | 5.5 (−3.3 to 14.2) | −2.1 (−11.2 to 6.9) | 7.6 (−6.0 to 21.2) | 0.27 |
| Protocol adherence 5,6 | 6.7 (−3.0 to 16.4) | −2.3 (−11.3 to 6.8) | 8.9 (−5.1 to 23.0) | 0.21 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–6 | 6.0 (−3.9 to 15.9) | −1.7 (−10.9 to 7.6) | 7.6 (−6.9 to 22.2) | 0.30 |
| AST, IU/L | ||||
| Intention-to-treat | 0.0 (−3.3 to 3.2) | −1.9 (−5.3 to 1.4) | 1.9 (−3.2 to 6.9) | 0.46 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | −0.1 (−3.4 to 3.3) | −1.9 (−5.4 to 1.6) | 1.8 (−3.4 to 7.0) | 0.49 |
| Protocol adherence 5,6 | −0.1 (−3.8 to 3.6) | −1.9 (−5.4 to 1.5) | 1.8 (−3.6 to 7.2) | 0.50 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–6 | −0.2 (−4.0 to 3.6) | −1.9 (−5.4 to 1.7) | 1.7 (−3.9 to 7.3) | 0.54 |
| ALT, IU/L | ||||
| Intention-to-treat | 0.3 (−4.6 to 5.1) | −2.1 (−7.2 to 2.9) | 2.4 (−5.1 to 9.9) | 0.53 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | 0.2 (−4.8 to 5.1) | −2.0 (−7.2 to 3.1) | 2.2 (−5.6 to 10.0) | 0.58 |
| Protocol adherence 5,6 | 0.2 (−5.3 to 5.8) | −2.1 (−7.2 to 3.1) | 2.3 (−5.7 to 10.3) | 0.57 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–6 | 0.1 (−5.5 to 5.8) | −2.0 (−7.2 to 3.3) | 2.1 (−6.2 to 10.4) | 0.62 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | ||||
| Intention-to-treat | −2.2 (−5.8 to 1.4) | −2.5 (−6.2 to 1.2) | 0.3 (−5.3 to 5.9) | 0.91 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | −2.3 (−6.0 to 1.5) | −2.4 (−6.2 to 1.4) | 0.2 (−5.6 to 5.9) | 0.96 |
| Protocol adherence 5,6 | −2.6 (−6.7 to 1.5) | −2.5 (−6.3 to 1.3) | −0.1 (−6.0 to 5.8) | 0.98 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–6 | −2.7 (−6.9 to 1.5) | −2.4 (−6.3 to 1.5) | −0.3 (−6.4 to 5.8) | 0.92 |
| NAFLD fibrosis score | ||||
| Intention-to-treat | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.0 (−0.3 to 0.3) | 0.86 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 4 | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.0 (−0.3 to 0.4) | 0.76 |
| Protocol adherence 5,6 | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.0 (−0.3 to 0.4) | 0.88 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 4–6 | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.0 (−0.3 to 0.4) | 0.78 |
1 Defined as change in participant intake from baseline to Month 6. 2 Mean difference is low-high avocado allotment group. 3 From ANCOVA model (adjusted for change in avocado intake and/or Healthy Eating Index 2015 score at Month 6 and/or intervention adherence), where appropriate. 4 Adjusted for Healthy Eating Index 2015 score at Month 6. 5 Adjusted for intervention adherence. 6 Sample size by intervention group allocation (low avocado allotment/high avocado allotment): 31/35 at month 6. ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; hsCRP, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.