Table 5.
Changes in hepatic function outcomes at 6 months after accounting for change in avocado intake 1, stratified by prediabetes status 2, per intention-to-treat and protocol adherence analyses.
| Outcome | Within-Group Differences | Mean between-Group Difference 3 (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Avocado Allotment(n = 37) | High Avocado Allotment(n = 35) | |||||||
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | p-Value 4 | Mean (95% CI) | p-Value 4 | |||
| Prediabetes | Prediabetes | Prediabetes | Prediabetes | |||||
| Yes (n = 18) | No (n = 19) | Yes (n = 15) | No (n = 20) | Yes | No | |||
| hsCRP, mg/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | −0.2 (−1.4 to 1.0) | 0.0 (−0.6 to 0.6) | −0.3 (−1.6 to 1.1) | −0.3 (−0.9 to 0.3) | 0.1 (−1.8 to 1.9) | 0.95 | 0.3 (−0.6 to 1.2) | 0.52 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 5 | −0.3 (−1.5 to 0.9) | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7) | −0.2 (−1.5 to 1.1) | −0.4 (−1.0 to 0.2) | −0.1 (−1.9 to 1.7) | 0.92 | 0.5 (−0.5 to 1.5) | 0.31 |
| Protocol adherence 6–8 | −0.2 (−1.6 to 1.1) | 0.0 (−0.7 to 0.7) | −0.2 (−1.6 to 1.1) | −0.3 (−0.9 to 0.3) | 0.0 (−2.0 to 2.0) | 0.99 | 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.3) | 0.56 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 5–8 | −0.3 (−1.7 to 1.0) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.8) | −0.2 (−1.5 to 1.2) | −0.4 (−1.0 to 0.2) | −0.2 (−2.2 to 1.8) | 0.86 | 0.5 (−0.6 to 1.6) | 0.35 |
| GGT, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | 12.2 (−4.3 to 28.6) | −1.9 (−6.5 to 2.6) | −7.5 (−25.7 to 10.6) | 2.9 (−1.5 to 7.3) | 19.7 (−5.5 to 45.0) | 0.12 | −4.8 (−11.9 to 2.3) | 0.18 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 5 | 11.5 (−5.1 to 28.0) | −1.4 (−6.2 to 3.5) | −6.7 (−24.9 to 11.5) | 2.4 (−2.3 to 7.0) | 18.2 (−7.3 to 43.7) | 0.16 | −3.7 (−11.4 to 4.0) | 0.33 |
| Protocol adherence 6–8 | 13.8 (−5.3 to 32.7) | −2.1 (−7.3 to 3.0) | −6.6 (−25.6 to 12.4) | 2.7 (−1.8 to 7.3) | 20.3 (−7.2 to 47.8) | 0.14 | −4.9 (−12.4 to 2.6) | 0.20 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 5–8 | 12.8 (−6.3 to 31.9) | −1.5 (−6.9 to 4.0) | −5.7 (−24.9 to 13.4) | 2.2 (−2.5 to 6.9) | 18.4 (−9.3 to 46.2) | 0.18 | −3.7 (−11.8 to 4.4) | 0.36 |
| AST, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | −0.2 (−5.7 to 5.3) | −0.7 (−4.6 to 3.1) | −5.0 (−11.1 to 1.0) | 1.2 (−2.6 to 4.9) | 4.8 (−3.6 to 13.3) | 0.25 | −1.9 (−7.8 to 4.0) | 0.52 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 5 | −0.5 (−5.9 to 5.0) | 0.2 (−3.7 to 4.2) | −4.7 (−10.7 to 1.3) | 0.2 (−3.6 to 4.0) | 4.2 (−4.2 to 12.6) | 0.31 | 0.0 (−6.3 to 6.2) | 0.99 |
| Protocol adherence 6–8 | −0.2 (−6.5 to 6.2) | −0.8 (−5.1 to 3.5) | −5.1 (−11.4 to 1.3) | 1.1 (−2.7 to 4.9) | 4.9 (−4.3 to 14.1) | 0.28 | −1.9 (−8.2 to 4.3) | 0.53 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 5–8 | −0.6 (−6.9 to 5.7) | 0.2 (−4.2 to 4.7) | −4.7 (−11.0 to 1.6) | 0.3 (−3.6 to 4.1) | 4.1 (−5.1 to 13.3) | 0.37 | 0.0 (−6.6 to 6.6) | 0.99 |
| ALT, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | 0.2 (−8.9 to 9.2) | −0.6 (−5.0 to 3.9) | −5.9 (−15.8 to 4.1) | 1.5 (−2.8 to 5.8) | 6.0 (−7.9 to 19.9) | 0.38 | −2.1 (−9.0 to 4.8) | 0.54 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 5 | −0.2 (−9.3 to 8.9) | 0.5 (−4.1 to 5.0) | −5.4 (−15.5 to 4.6) | 0.6 (−3.9 to 5.0) | 5.2 (−8.8 to 19.3) | 0.45 | −0.1 (−7.4 to 7.2) | 0.98 |
| Protocol adherence 6–8 | 0.2 (−10.2 to 10.7) | −0.7 (−5.6 to 4.3) | −5.9 (−16.3 to 4.5) | 1.5 (−2.8 to 5.9) | 6.2 (−8.9 to 21.3) | 0.41 | −2.2 (−9.4 to 5.1) | 0.54 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 5–8 | −0.2 (−10.7 to 10.3) | 0.5 (−4.6 to 5.6) | −5.4 (−16.0 to 5.1) | 0.6 (−3.8 to 5.1) | 5.2 (−10.1 to 20.5) | 0.49 | −0.1 (−7.8 to 7.5) | 0.97 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | −0.9 (−7.1 to 5.4) | −4.6 (−8.5 to −0.8) | −5.9 (−12.8 to 1.0) | 1.2 (−2.5 to 4.9) | 5.0 (−4.6 to 14.6) | 0.30 | −5.8 (−11.8 to 0.1) | 0.05 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 5 | −0.9 (−7.3 to 5.5) | −5.3 (−9.3 to −1.3) | −5.9 (−12.9 to 1.2) | 1.9 (−2.0 to 5.7) | 5.0 (−4.9 to 14.9) | 0.31 | −7.2 (−13.6 to 0.8) | 0.03 |
| Protocol adherence 6–8 | −1.2 (−8.4 to 6.0) | −5.1 (−9.4 to −0.9) | −5.7 (−12.9 to 1.5) | 0.9 (−2.8 to 4.7) | 4.5 (−6.0 to 14.9) | 0.39 | −6.1 (−12.3 to 0.2) | 0.06 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 5–8 | −1.2 (−8.6 to 6.1) | −5.9 (−10.4 to −1.4) | −5.7 (−13.1 to 1.7) | 1.5 (−2.4 to 5.4) | 4.4 (−6.3 to 15.2) | 0.40 | −7.4 (−14.1 to 0.7) | 0.03 |
| NAFLD fibrosis score | ||||||||
| Intention-to-treat | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.4) | 0.95 | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.5) | 0.93 |
| Intention-to-treat + HEI 5 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.5) | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.4) | 0.95 | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.6) | 0.74 |
| Protocol adherence 6–8 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.7) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 0.88 | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.5) | 0.90 |
| Protocol adherence + HEI 5–8 | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) | 0.4 (0.0 to 0.7) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 0.88 | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.6) | 0.73 |
1 Defined as change in participant intake from baseline to Month 6. 2 Defined as a fasting glucose level ≥100 mg/dL or glycosylated hemoglobin ≥5.7 % and/or reported use of glucose-lowering medication, at baseline. 3 Mean difference is low-high avocado allotment group. 4 From ANCOVA model (adjusted for change in avocado intake and/or Healthy Eating Index 2015 score at Month 6 and/or intervention adherence), where appropriate. 5 Adjusted for Healthy Eating Index 2015 score at Month 6. 6 Adjusted for intervention adherence. 7 Sample size by intervention group allocation (low avocado allotment/high avocado allotment): 31/35 at month 6. 8 Sample size by prediabetes/diabetes status (yes/no) for low avocado allotment: 15/16 and for high avocado allotment: 15/20 at month 6. ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; hsCRP, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.