Table 3.

Nanocellulose-based materials used in hydrophobic-drug delivery applications.

Dimensions	Drug Delivery Carriers	Hydrophobic-Drug Models	Drug Release Behaviors	Drug Release Mechanism	References
1D	CNCs–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide suspensions	Paclitaxel, docetaxel, and etoposide	A total of 75% of the drug was released over 4 days.	-	[159]
	CNCs/rarasaponin particles	Tetracycline	More drugs released from neutral condition than in acid condition.	Pseudo-first-order	[160]
2D	BC/hyaluronic acid/ diclofenac films	Diclofenac sodium	The maximum cumulative release was 90% which was obtained after 4 min in simulated salivary fluid.	Non-Fickian transport	[161]
	CNFs/poly(glycerol sebacate)/polypyrrole patches	Curcumin	The cumulative drug-released amount was less than 2% with five months in PBS under pH of 7.4.	-	[162]
	BC/polyvinyl alcohol films	Vanillin	The diffusion process reached equilibrium after 1 h in water.	Fickian diffusion	[163]
3D	BC/sodium alginate hybrid hydrogels	Ibuprofen	During the first 2 h, the drug release amount was less than 10% in acidic conditions with the pH condition of 1.5.	Non-Fickian diffusion	[164]
	Polyethylenimine/BC aerogels	Aspirin	The cumulative drug release was 80.6% with 25 h in pH condition of 7.5.	-	[128]
	Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8@PCNFs composite hydrogel	Curcumin	Under pH condition of 2.5, the maximum curcumin release amount was 90%.	Anomalous transport	[165]