Table 3.
Summary of the studies included in the systematic review.
| Author and Year | Study Type | Studied Characteristics |
Studied Property | Sample Size (n) | Trade Name and Manufacturer of the Evaluated Materials | Main Chemical Composition | Specimen Fabrication Technique | Shape and Dimension of Tested Resins Samples | Layer Thickness and Orientation of Printing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digholkar et al., 2016 [36] |
In vitro | Flexural strength Microhardness |
MP |
n = 60 (20 per group) |
(A) Heat-activated PMMA (N/M) (B) Ceramill TEMP (AmannGirrbach) (C) E-Dent 100 (Envisiontec GmbH) |
(A) Heat cure PMMA (B) PMMA (C) Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate |
(A) Conventional (B) CAD/CAM Milled (C) 3D-Printed |
Bars (25 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm) | layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Tahayeri et al., 2018 [37] | In Vitro | Elastic modulus Peak stress |
MP | N/M | (A) Jet (Lang Dental In(C) (B) Integrity (Dentsply) (C) NextDent C&B resin (NextDent) |
(A) PMMA (B) Bisacrylic (C) Methacrylic oligomers |
(A) and (B) Conventional self-cure (C) 3D-printed |
Bars (25 × 2 × 2 mm) | layer thickness: 100 μm Orientation: 90° |
| Park et al., 2018 [26] | In vitro | Wear resistance | MP |
n = 60 (20 per group) |
(A) Jet (Lang Dental Mfg. Co.) (B) Vipiblock PMMA Monocolor (VIPI) (C) C&B NextDent (NextDent) (PMM(A) |
(A) PMMA (B) PMMA (C) PMMA |
(A) conventional self-care (B) CAD/CAM milled (C) 3D printing |
Rectangular parallelepipeds (15 × 10 × 10 mm) |
layer thickness: 100 μm Orientation: 0° |
| Kessler et al., 2019 [27] | In Vitro | Three-body wear | MP |
n = 40 (8 per group) |
(A) TetricEvoCeram (Vivadent) (B) Telio CAD (Ivoclar) (C) 3Delta temp (Deltame(D) (D) Nextdent C&B (NextDent) (E) Freeprint temp (Detax) |
(A) Bis-GMA (B) PMMA (C) Methacrylate (D) Methacrylic oligomers (E) Methacrylate-based resins |
(A) Conventional (B) CAD/CAM Milling (C), (D), and (E) 3D-printing |
Wheel-shaped | layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Reeponmaha et al., 2020 [16] | In vitro | Fracture Strength | MP |
n = 40 (10 per group) |
(A) Unifast Trad (GC chemicals) (B) Protemp 4 (3 M ESP(E) (C) Brylic Solid (Sagemax bioceramics) (D) Freeprint Temp (Detax GmbH) |
(A) Methylmethacrylate resin (B) Bis-acryl resin (C) Highly polymerized PMMA resin (D) Photopolymerized Methacrylate-based resins |
((A) and ((B): Conventional (C) CAD/CAM Milling (D) 3D-printing |
Provisional crowns cemented on prepared epoxy die replicated from prepared tooth |
layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Ibrahim et al., 2020 [38] | In vitro | Fracture Resistance | MP |
n = 16 (8 per group) |
(A) Telio CAD disc ( Ivoclar Vivadent) (B) NextDent C&B resin (NextDent B.V) |
(A) PMMA (B) MMA |
(A) CAD/CAM Milling (B) 3D-printing |
Provisional crowns cemented on prepared epoxy die replicated from prepared tooth | layer thickness: 50 μm Orientation: N/M |
| Shin et al., 2020 [28] | In vitro | Color stability Water sorption and solubility |
PP |
n = 200 (40 per group) |
(A) Polycarbonate block (Line dental la(B) (B) Vipi block monocolor (Dental VIPI Ltd.) (C) MAZIC Duro (Vericom) (D) Nextdent C&B (Nextdent) (E) denture teeth A2 resins (Formlabs In(C) |
(A) Polycarbonate (B) PMMA (C) dispersed-filler composite (DF(C) (D) Methacrylic oligomers (E) UDMA |
(A), (B), (C): CAD/CAM Milling (D), (E) 3D-printing |
disk-shaped (10 mm diameter, 3 mm thickness) |
layer thickness: 100 μm Orientation: N/M |
| Suralik et al., 2020 [39] | In vitro | Fracture Strength | MP |
n = 45 (15 per group) |
(A) Jet (Lang Dental Inc.) (B) Zirlux Temp (Henry Schein) (C) Freeprint Temp (DETAX GmbH) |
(A) PMMA (B) PMMA (C) Methacrylate-based resins |
(A) Conventional (Self-cur(E) (B) CAD/CAM Milling (C) 3D-Printing |
Provisional 3-unit fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) attached to implant abutments of the master metal typodont, with no luting agent. | layer thickness: 50 μm Orientation: 0° |
| Reymus et al., 2020 [40] | In vitro | Fracture load | MP |
n = 195 (15 per group) |
(A) Luxatemp (DMG) (B) Telio CAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent) (C) Experimental (GC Europ(E) (D) NextDent C&B (NextDent) (E) Freeprint temp (Detax) F) 3Delta temp (Deltame(D) |
(A) Bis-acryl Methacrylate (B) PMMA Polymer (C) Methylmethacrylates (D) Methylmethacrylates (E) Methylmethacrylates F) Methylmethacrylates |
(A) Conventional (B) CAD/CAM milling (C), (D), (E), and (F): 3 D printing |
A full-anatomic three-unit FDP attached to a steel abutment model with no luting agent. | layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M Long-axis positioned either occlusal, buccal, or distal to the printer’s platform. |
| Revilla-León et al., 2020 [41] | In vitro | Color dimensions | PP |
n = 420 (60 per group) |
(A) Protemp 4 (3M ESP(E) (B) Anaxdent (Anaxdent) (C) FreePrint Temp (Detax) (D) E-Dent 400 (EnvisionTE(C) (E) C&B (NextDent) (F) C&B MFH ((NextDent) (G) VeroGlaze MED620 (Stratasys) |
(A) Bis-acryl composite (B) PMMA (C) Monomer-based acrylic esters (D) Monomer based on acrylic esters (E) Methylmethacrylates F) Microfilled hybrid G) Monomer based on acrylic esters |
(A) and (B) Conventional (C), (D), (E), and (F): 3D-printed |
Discs (10 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) | layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Atria et al., 2020 [42] | In vitro | Color stability Surface roughness |
PP MP |
n = 40 (10 per group) |
(A) Marche (March(E) (B) Protemp (3M ESP(E) (C) Telio CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent) (D) Raydent C&B (3D-Materials) |
(A) acrylic resin (B) bis-acryl resin (C) PMMA (D) Hybrid composite Resin |
(A) and (B): Conventional (C) CAD/CAM Milled (D) 3D-Printed |
Rectangular blocks (1 mm × 1.7 mm × 0.6 and 1.3-mm thickness) |
layer thickness: 100 μm Orientation: 90° |
| Park et al., 2020 [43] | In vitro | Flexural strength | MP |
n = 75 (15 per group) |
(A) Jet Tooth ShadeTM Powder (Lang Dental Co.) (B) ViPi (VIPI Co.) (C) NextDent C&B (NextDent Co.) (D) Standard (GPGR04) (Formlabs Co.) (E) PLA (ColorFabb Co.) |
(A) PMMA (B) PMMA (C) PMMA (D) PPMA (E) Polylactic acid |
(A) Conventional (B) CAD/CAM Milled (C) 3D-Print: DLP (D) 3D-print: SLA (E) 3D-print: FDP |
3-unit FDP fitted on the abutment of the metal jig without cementation |
layer thickness: (C) & (D) 25–100 um (E) 100–500 um Orientation: 30° |
| Song et al., 2020 [44] | In vitro | color stability Water sorption & Solubility |
PP | For water sorption and solubility: n = 60 (10 per group) For Color stability: n = 120 (20 per group, 10 for coffee and 10 for te(A) |
(A) Alike (GC Co.) (B) Luxatemp Automix plus (DMG) (C) PMMA Disk (Yamahachi Dental Co) (D) Telio CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent) (E) VeroGlaze (Stratasys) (F) E-dent 100 (EnvisionTEC GmbH) |
(A) Polymethyl methacrylate (B) Bis-acryl methacrylate (C) Polymethyl methacrylate (D) Polymethyl methacrylate (E) Bio-compatible photopolymer (F) Multifunctional Acrylic resin |
(A) and (B) Conventional (C) and (D): CAD/CAM Milled (E) and (F): 3D-printed |
disk-shaped (15 mm diameter, 1 mm thickness) |
layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Yao et al., 2021 [45] | In vitro | color stability | PP |
n = 80 (40 per group) |
(A) Temp Esthetic 98 (Harvest Dental Products) (B) NextDent Crown and Bridge resin (NextDent) |
(A) PMMA (B) Methylmethacrylates |
(A) CAD/CAM milling (B) 3D-Printing |
Provisional crowns cemented to the 3D-printed abutment teeth with interim luting agent |
layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Abad-Coronel et al., 2021 [46] | In vitro | Fracture Resistance | MP |
n = 40 (20 per group) |
(A) Vipiblock Trilux: (VIPI) (B) PriZma 3D Bio Prov: (MarkertechLabs) |
(A) PMMA (B) Light-Curing Micro Hybrid Resin |
(A) CAD/CAM milling (B) 3D-Printing |
A 3-unit FDP fitted on a 3D-printed resin master typodont without any fixing agent. | layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Myagmar et al., 2021 [47] | In vitro | Wear resistance Surface roughness |
MP |
n = 48 (16 per group, later divided into 8 per subgroup based on cycles of chewing simulation) |
(A) JetTM (Lang Dental Manufacturing) (B) Yamahachi PMMA Disk (Yamahachi Dental Manufacturing) (C) NextDent C&B (NextDent) |
(A) PMMA (B) PMMA (C) Methacrylic oligomers |
(A) Conventional (B) CAD/CAM Milled (C) 3D-Printed |
rectangular parallelepipeds (15 × 10 × 10 mm) |
layer thickness: 100 μm Orientation: 0° |
| Tas¸ın et al., 2021 [48] | In vitro | color stability Surface roughness |
PP MP |
n = 320 (80 per group) Divided into 2 subgroups n = 40 (i) conventional polishing (ii) surface sealant covering each group (n = 10) immersed in 4 different solutions |
(A) Temdent Classic (Schütz-Dental) (B) Protemp 4 (3M ESP(E) (C) Duo Cad (FSM DENTAL) (D) Temporis (DWS) |
(A) PMMA (B) Bis-acryl composite resin (C) PMMA (D) Hybrid composite Resin |
(A) and (B) Conventional (C) CAD/CAM Milled (D) 3D-printed |
disk-shaped (10 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) |
layer thickness: 100 μm Orientation: N/M |
| Revilla-León et al., 2021 [49] | In vitro | Knoop hardness | MP |
n = 360 (60 per group) n = 20 per group used for testing each property |
(A) Protemp 4 (3M ESP(E) (B) Anaxdent new outline dentin (Anaxdent) (C) FreePrint temp (Detax) (D) E-Dent 400 C&B MFH (Envisionte(C) (E) NextDent C&B MFH (3D Systems) (F) Med620 VEROGlaze (Stratasys) |
(A) bis-acryl resin (B) acrylic resin (C)Methylmethacrylates (D) Monomer based on acrylic esters (E) Micro-Filled Hybrid Methacrylic oligomers (F) N/M |
(A) and (B): Conventional (C), (D), (E), and (F): 3D-Printed |
Disks (10 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) | layer thickness: 50 μm Orientation: 90° |
| Mayer et al., 2020 [50] | In vitro | Fracture load & Two-body wear |
MP |
n = 152 (48 per group for 3D-printed and 8 for CAD/CAM Mille(D) |
((A) Telio CAD disc (Ivoclar Vivadent) (B) Freeprint temp (Detax) ((C) GC Temp PRINT (GC Europe) ((D) Next dent C&B MFH (NextDent) After printing, excessive resin removed from the specimen’s surface in 3 ways: (i) Centrifugation (CEN); (ii) Chemical cleaning by Isopropanol (ISO); (iii) Chemical cleaning by Yellow Magic (YEL) |
(A) PMMA (B) Methylmethacrylates (C) UDMA (D) Methylmethacrylates |
(A) CAD/CAM milling (B), (C), and (D): 3D-Printing |
A full anatomic, three-unit FDP fixed on steel abutment model with a dual-cure self-adhesive resin composite cement |
layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Henderson et al., 2022 [51] |
In vitro | Failure Load | MP |
n = 180 (60 per group) Storage time: 1 day and 30 days & Loading rate: 1, 10 and Combined 1 and 10 mm/min |
(A) 3M-Paradigm (3M Oral Car(E) (B) Solid Shade PMMA Disc (TD Dental Supply) (C) Dentca Crown and Bridge resin (Dentc(A) |
(A) Bis-acryl resin (B) PMMA (C) bis-acryl resin |
(A) Conventional (B) CAD/CAM milling (C) 3D-Printing |
3-unit interim FDP cemented onto 3D-printed resin dies. | layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Martín-Ortega et al., 2022 [52] | In vitro | Fracture Resistance | MP |
n = 40 (10 per group) (10 each anterior and posterior, CAD/CAM milled and 3D-printe(D) |
(A) and (C): Vivodent CAD Multi: (Ivoclar Vivadent AG) (B) and (D): SHERAprint-cb (Sher(A) |
(A) PMMA (B) Photopolymer interim dental resin |
(A) CAD/CAM milling (B) 3D-Printing |
Full anatomic crowns (20 anterior and 20 posterior) cemented on implant abutment with autopolymerizing composite resin cement |
layer thickness: 50 μm Orientation: 45° |
| Simoneti et al., 2022 [53] | In vitro study | flexural strength Vickers microhardness Elastic Modulus surface roughness before and after polishing |
MP | Interim single crowns n = 40 (10 per group) Rectangular blocks n = 40 (10 per group) disks n = 40 (10 per group) |
(A) Dencor (Artigos Odontológicos Clássico Ltd.(A) (B) Yprov Bisacryl (Yller Biomaterials) (C) PA2201 (Stratasys Direct Manufacturing) (D) Gray Resin (Formlabs In(C) |
(A) PMMA (B) Bis-acryl resin (C) PMMA (D) Oligomers methacrylates |
(A) and (B): Conventional (C) and (D) 3D-Printed SLS & SLA |
Interim single crowns rectangular blocks 4 × 2 × 10 mm disks 10 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness |
layer thickness: N/M Orientation: N/M |
| Crenn et al., 2022 [29] | In vitro | 3-point bending test (elastic modulus) Flexural strength Hardness |
MP |
n = 40 (10 per group) |
(A) Integrity (Dentsply Caulk) (B) Unifast (GC, Tokyo) (C) PLA Bio source (Nanovi(A) (D) Temporary CB (Formlabs) |
(A) Bisacrylic (B) Methylmethacrylate resin (C) Polylactic acid (D) Esterification products of 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol |
(A) and (B): Conventional (C) 3D-printed (FDM) (D) 3D-Printed (SL(A) |
Bars (25 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm) | layer thickness: FDM: 100 μm SLA: 50 μm Orientation: FDM: 0° SLA: 0° |
| Tas¸ın et al., 2022 [30] | In vitro | Flexural strength Resilience Toughness Modulus of elasticity |
MP |
n =120 (30 per group, 10 each for flexural strength, resilience, and toughness) Sub group (n = 10) based on different thermocycling |
(A) Temdent Classic (Schütz-Dental) (B) Protemp 4 (3M ESP(E) (C) Duo Cad (FSMDENTAL) (D) Temporis (DWS) |
(A) MMA (B) Bis-acryl (C) PMMA (D) Composite resin |
(A) and (B): conventional (C) CAD/CAM Milled (D) 3D-printed |
Rectangular plate (25 × 2 × 2 mm) | layer thickness: 60 μm Orientation: 90° |
| Pantea et al., 2022 [31] | In vitro | Flexural strength Elastic Modulus |
MP | n = 40 (10 per group, 5 each for flexural strength and compression strength) | (A) Duracyl (SpofaDental a.s) (B) Superpont C + B (SpofaDental a.s.) (C) NextDent C&B MFH (NextDent) (D) HARZ Labs Dental Sand (HARZ Labs) |
(A) Auto-polymerized (PMM(A) (B) Pressure/heat-cured (PMM(A) (C) Microfilled hybrid PMMA (D) PMMA |
(A) Conventional self-cure (B) Conventional heat cured (C) and (D): 3D-Printed |
For Flexural strength: Bar shaped (80 × 20 × 5 mm) For Compressive strength: Cylindrical shaped (25 × 25 mm) |
layer thickness: 50 μm Orientation: N/M |
MP: Mechanical Property; PP: Physical Property; FS: Fracture Strength; FR: Fracture resistance; FL: Fracture load; FaL: Failure Load; N/M: Not Mentioned; CAD/CAM: Computer-Aided Designing/Computer-Aided Manufacturing; FDP: Fixed Dental Prosthesis; SLA: Stereolithography; SLS: Selective laser sintering; FDM: Fused deposition modeling; DLP: Digital light processing; UDMA: urethane dimethacrylate.