. 2022 Jun 30;14(13):2691. doi: 10.3390/polym14132691

Table 5.

Color change (ΔE/ΔE₀₀) Results.

Author and Year	Immersion Media/Surface Treatment	Immersion/Exposure Duration/Aging	Mean Change in Color of Conventional Polymerized Resin	Mean Change in Color of CAD/CAM Milled Provisional Resin	Mean Change in Color of 3D-Printed Provisional Resin	Instrument Used	Authors Suggestions/Conclusions
Yao et al., 2021 [45]	(i) Control (no surface treatment) (ii) Polishing (iii) Polishing + Optiglaze coating (iv) Polishing + Skinglaze coating	Aging: Thermocycling: 5000 cycles at 5–50 °C (simulating 6 months of physiological aging)	N/A	ΔE (i) 2.38 ± 0.44 (ii) 1.83 ± 0.51 (iii) 1.01 ± 0.38 (iv) 1.85 ± 0.78	ΔE (i) 3.83 ± 0.71 (ii) 2.66 ± 0.89 (iii) 1.37 ± 0.67 (iv) 1.40 ± 0.73	Digital spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade V)	ΔE: 3D-Printed PMMA > CAD/CAM Milled PMMA Surface coating reduces the change in color
Shin et al., 2020 [28]	Immersion media: (i) Grape juice (ii) Coffee (iii) Curry (iv) Distilled water	Upto 30 days inside a 37 °C (simulating 2.5 years)	N/A	ΔE₀₀ Between 0.64 and 4.12	ΔE₀₀ Between 4.47 and 22.85	colorimeter (Minolta Cr321 Chromameter)	ΔE_00: 3D-printed resins MMA > CAD/CAM milled PMMA & polycarbonate resins. For 3D-printing resins: ΔE₀₀ above the clinical limit (2.25) following storage in all experimental groups.
Song et al., 2020 [44]	Immersion media: (i) Coffee (ii) Black tea	Week: 1,2,4,8,12	ΔE after week 12 (A) Alike: 9.89 ± 1.95 (coffee) 14.69 ± 3.05 (Black Tea) (B) Luxatemp Automix plus: 4.20 ± 1.57 (coffee) 6.52 ± 2.50 (Black Tea)	ΔE after week 12 (C) PMMA Disk: 10.35 ± 1.14 (coffe(E) 16.66 ± 3.05 (Black Tea) (D) Telio CAD: 21.07 ± 2.86 (coffee) 24.60 ± 4.30 (Black Tea)	ΔE after week 12 (E) VeroGlaze: 19.80 ± 2.85 (coffe(E) 16.90 ± 2.20 (Black Tea) (F) E-dent 100: 20.01 ± 3.00 (coffee) 22.13 ± 3.51 (Black Tea)	spectrocolorimeter (Xrite Benchtop Spectrophotometer)	ΔE: Telio CAD (CAD/CAM) PMMA > 3D-Printed Photopolymer & acrylic resin > PMMA Disk (CAD/CAM) > Conventional PMMA and Bisacrylic Visually perceptible color difference value (Δ(E) was demonstrated regardless of the materials and solutions.
Taşın et al., 2021 [48]	Surface treatment: (i) conventional polishing (ii) surface sealant—biscover LV Immersion Media: (A) distilled water (B) Cola (C) Coffee (D) Red Wine	Days: 1, 7 & 30	ΔE₀₀ after 30 days PT & CAT Threshold values ^## (A) Temdent Classic (i) Polished: Distilled water (1.87): > PT Cola (3.29), Coffee, Wine > CAT (ii) Surface sealant: Distilled water < PT Cola < CAT Coffee, Wine > CAT (B) Protemp 4 (i) Polished: Distilled water: > PT Cola, Coffee, Wine > CAT (ii) Surface sealant: Distilled water (1.34): < PT Cola (2.54) < CAT Coffee, Wine > CAT	ΔE₀₀ after 30 days (C) Duo Cad: (i) Polished: Distilled water: < PT Cola < CAT Coffee, Wine > CAT (ii) Surface sealant: Distilled water: < PT Coffee (2.15) and Cola < CAT Wine > CAT	ΔE₀₀ after 30 days (D) Temporis: (i) Polished: Distilled water: < PT Cola < CAT Coffee, Wine > CAT (ii) Surface sealant: Distilled water: < PT Cola < CAT Coffee, Wine > CAT	Digital spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade; Vita Zahnfabrik)	ΔE₀₀: Conventional PMMA (5.35 ± 4.08) > Conventional Bis-acrylic (2.79 ± 1.54) > 3D-Printed hybrid composite (2.61 ± 1.48) > CAD/CAM Milled PMMA (2 ± 0.10). Use of a surface sealant significantly decreased the ΔE₀₀ values.
Atria et al., 2020 [42]	N/A	Aging: Thermocycling: 6000 cycles at 5–50 °C	PT and CAT Threshold values ^## (A) Marche: 0.6 mm thickness: ΔE₀₀ > PT 1.3 mm thickness: ΔE₀₀ < PT (B) Protemp: 0.6 mm thickness: ΔE₀₀ > PT 1.3 mm thickness: ΔE₀₀ < PT	(C) Telio CAD: 0.6 mm thickness: ΔE₀₀ < PT 1.3 mm thickness: ΔE₀₀ < PT	(D) Raydent C&B: 0.6 mm thickness: ΔE₀₀ > CAT 1.3 mm thickness: ΔE₀₀ > CAT	Spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade; Vita Zahnfabrik)	ΔE₀₀: 3D-Printed hybrid composite > Conventional acryic and bisacrylic > CAD/CAM Milled PMMA

N/A: Not Applicable; PT: perceptibility threshold; CAT: clinical acceptability threshold; ^##: The ΔE₀₀ evaluation is based on: PT set at ΔE₀₀ ≤ 1.30 and the CAT set at ΔE₀₀ ≤ 2.25 units.