Table 2.

Production and properties of CFs from composites containing various biomasses.

Carbon Fiber Precursor	Spinning Process	Mechanical Property	Advantage of Characteristic	Refs
Modified softwood kraft lignin/PLA	Melt-spinning	Tensile strength of 20 MPa Modulus of elasticity 10 MPa	Enhanced the miscibility	[45]
Lignin/PLA	Melt-spinning	Tensile strength of 258.6–159.2 MPa Modulus of elasticity 1.7–11.6 GPa	Increased the spinnability	[148]
Lignin/CNF–chitosan	Microfluidic spinning	Tensile strength of 1648 MPa	high orientation degree and compact microstructure of the filament	[149]
Plant protein–lignin	Electrospinning	-	well-engineered structural characteristics	[150]
Cellulose–chitosan	Dry-jet wet spinning	Modulus of 22.2 ± 1.3 GPa	Improved the carbon yield and structural properties	[151]