Table 3.

Different spinning processes for producing lignocellulosic biomass-based CFs.

Carbon Fiber Precursor	Spinning Process	Set-Up	Property	Advantage	Refs
lignin (25 wt%)/PAN	Wet-spinning		Tensile strength of 2.25 GPa Modulus of 217 GPa	Reduced fiber porosity	[155]
Acetylated softwood kraft lignin	Dry-spinning		Tensile strength of 1.06 ± 0.07 GPa Modulus of 52 ± 2 GPa	Enhanced carbon layer plane orientation of the fibers	[17,46]
Modified hardwood kraft lignin	Melt-spinning		Tensile strength of 1.07 GPa	Improved mechanical properties	[76]
Lignin–cellulose acetate blends	Electrospinning		Tensile strength of 49 ± 4 MPa Modulus of 3.0 ± 0.5 GPa	A large molecular weight, uniform molecular weight distribution, excellent thermal stability, and good spinnability of the PFs	[89]