Table 1.

Causes of prerenal AKI

Different Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Kidney Hypoperfusion
Intravascular volume depletion
Hemorrhage—trauma, surgery, postpartum, gastrointestinal
Gastrointestinal losses—diarrhea, vomiting, NG loss
Kidney losses—diuretics, osmotic diuresis, diabetes insipidus
Skin and mucous membrane losses—burns, hyperthermia
Nephrotic syndrome
Cirrhosis
Capillary leak
Reduced cardiac output
Cardiogenic shock
Pericardial diseases—restrictive/constrictive/tamponade
Congestive heart failure
Valvular diseases
Pulmonary diseases—pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism
Reduced systemic vascular resistance
Sepsis
Hepatorenal syndrome
Anaphylaxis
Renal vasoconstriction
Early sepsis
Hepatorenal syndrome
Acute hypercalcemia
Drugs—norepinephrine, vasopressin, nonsteroidals, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
Calcineurin inhibitors
Iodinated contrast agents
Increased intra-abdominal pressure and/or reduced venous flow
Abdominal compartment syndrome
Venous outflow obstruction

NG, nasogastric.