Table 2.
Risk of bias and applicability concerns results
| Study Identification | Could the Selection of Patients Have Introduced Bias? | Are There Concerns that the Included Patients and Setting Do Not Match the Review Question? | Could the Conduct or Interpretation of the Index Test Have Introduced Bias? | Are There Concerns that the Index Test, Its Conduct, or Interpretation Differ from the Review Question? | Could the Reference Standard, Its Conduct, or Its Interpretation Have Introduced Bias? | Are There Concerns that the Target Condition as Defined by the Reference Standard Does Not Match the Question? | Could the Patient Flow Have Introduced Bias? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Espinel (6), 1976 | Low risk | Unclear concern | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Miller et al. (27), 1978 | High risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Espinel and Gregory (7), 1980 | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Zager et al. (28), 1980 | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | High risk |
| Chugh et al. (21), 1981 | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | High concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Unclear risk |
| Brown et al. (29), 1983 | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Unclear risk |
| Anderson et al. (30), 1984 | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Tankhiwale and Ungratwar (26), 1987 | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Unclear risk |
| Fushimi et al. (40), 1990 | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Steinhäuslin et al. (18), 1994 | High risk | Low concern | High risk | High concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Carvounis et al. (9), 2002 | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | High risk | Low concern | Unclear risk |
| du Cheyron et al. (39), 2003 | High risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | High risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Pépin et al. (4), 2007 | High risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Diskin et al. (22), 2010 | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Darmon et al. (25), 2011 | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Dewitte et al. (41), 2012 | Low risk | Low concern | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Yassin et al. (23), 2013 | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear risk | Unclear concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Unclear risk |
| Patidar et al. (20), 2017 | Low risk | Low concern | High risk | Unclear concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Gowda et al. (D) (24), 2021 | High risk | High concern | High risk | High concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
| Gowda et al. (V) (24), 2021 | High risk | High concern | Low risk | High concern | Unclear risk | Low concern | Low risk |
D, derivation cohort; V, validation cohort.