Table 1.
Selected characteristics of older adults in Ontario, Canada, upon initiation of a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
| Baseline Characteristics | Unweighted, n=144,694 | Weighted, n=76,443 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Users, n=105,700 | Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Users, n=38,994 | Standardized Difference | Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Users, n=37,449 | Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Users, n=38,994 | Standardized Difference | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, mean, yr (SD) | 74 (7) | 72 (5) | 0.38 | 72 (3) | 72 (5) | 0.00 |
| Women, no. (%) | 49,289 (47) | 15,457 (40) | 0.14 | 15,258 (41) | 15,457 (40) | 0.02 |
| Long-term care, no. (%) | 3560 (3) | 283 (1) | 0.19 | 302 (1) | 283 (1) | 0.01 |
| Prescriber specialty, no. (%) | ||||||
| Cardiology | 440 (0) | 1580 (4) | 0.25 | 636 (2) | 1580 (4) | 0.14 |
| Endocrinology | 8743 (8) | 5480 (14) | 0.18 | 5068 (14) | 5480 (14) | 0.02 |
| General practitioner | 85,858 (81) | 26,190 (67) | 0.32 | 26,398 (71) | 26,190 (67) | 0.07 |
| Internal medicine | 3579 (3) | 2652 (7) | 0.16 | 2421 (7) | 2652 (7) | 0.01 |
| Nephrology | 803 (1) | 758 (2) | 0.10 | 612 (2) | 758 (2) | 0.02 |
| Other | 6277 (6) | 2334 (6) | 0.00 | 2313 (6) | 2334 (6) | 0.01 |
| Comorbidities, no.(%) | ||||||
| Mean duration of diabetes, yr (SD) | 11.5 (7.4) | 12.4 (7.6) | 0.11 | 12.2 (4.4) | 12.4 (7.6) | 0.03 |
| Fragility fracture | 4,012 (4) | 1204 (3) | 0.04 | 1197 (3) | 1204 (3) | 0.01 |
| Previous fall | 17,225 (16) | 5572 (14) | 0.06 | 5439 (15) | 5572 (14) | 0.01 |
| Dementia | 7636 (7) | 1094 (3) | 0.20 | 1111 (3) | 1094 (3) | 0.01 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2398 (2) | 848 (2) | 0.01 | 815 (2) | 848 (2) | 0.00 |
| Osteoporosis | 7839 (7) | 1969 (5) | 0.10 | 1926 (5) | 1969 (5) | 0.00 |
| Coronary artery disease | 24,571 (23) | 12,258 (31) | 0.18 | 10,961 (29) | 12,258 (31) | 0.05 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 750 (1) | 338 (1) | 0.02 | 314 (1) | 338 (1) | 0.01 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 1431 (1) | 604 (2) | 0.01 | 577 (2) | 604 (2) | 0.00 |
| Medication use, no. (%) | ||||||
| Bisphosphonates | 9199 (9) | 1952 (5) | 0.15 | 1939 (5) | 1952 (5) | 0.01 |
| Denosumab | 2053 (2) | 486 (1) | 0.06 | 479 (1) | 486 (1) | 0.01 |
| Oral steroid | 8038 (8) | 2732 (7) | 0.02 | 2641 (7) | 2732 (7) | 0.00 |
| Diabetes and kidney function, no. (%) | ||||||
| No. of diabetes medications | ||||||
| 0 | 37,006 (35) | 10,916 (28) | 0.15 | 10,454 (28) | 10,916 (28) | 0.00 |
| 1 | 51,484 (49) | 20,902 (54) | 0.10 | 19,976 (53) | 20,902 (54) | 0.01 |
| 2+ | 17,210 (16) | 7176 (18) | 0.06 | 7019 (19) | 7176 (18) | 0.01 |
| Metformin | 61,485 (58) | 25,896 (66) | 0.17 | 24,803 (66) | 25,896 (66) | 0.00 |
| Mean hemoglobin A1C, % (SD) | 8.1 (1.6) | 8.0 (1.5) | 0.03 | 8.1 (0.9) | 8.0 (1.5) | 0.02 |
| Diabetes management | 54,022 (51) | 22,108 (57) | 0.11 | 21,383 (57) | 22,108 (57) | 0.01 |
| Mean no. of general practitioner visits (SD) | 14.2 (19.2) | 12.37 (15.0) | 0.11 | 12.4 (8.2) | 12.37 (14.96) | 0.01 |
| Mean no. of endocrinology visits (SD) | 0.5 (2.0) | 0.8 (2.2) | 0.13 | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.8 (2.2) | 0.06 |
| Mean eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 (SD) | 69 (19) | 73 (17) | 0.23 | 73 (10) | 73 (17) | 0.01 |
| eGFR category, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | ||||||
| ≥90 | 14,853 (14) | 6485 (17) | 0.07 | 6319 (17) | 6485 (17) | 0.01 |
| 60 to <90 | 55,500 (53) | 23,520 (60) | 0.16 | 22,547 (60) | 23,520 (60) | 0.00 |
| 45 to <60 | 20,617 (20) | 6577 (17) | 0.07 | 6250 (17) | 6577 (17) | 0.01 |
| 30 to <45 | 14,730 (14) | 2412 (6) | 0.26 | 2332 (6) | 2412 (6) | 0.00 |
eGFR is measured in milliliters per minute per 1.73 m2. The most recent eGFR measurement in the 365-day period was before the cohort entry date (including the cohort entry date). eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation: 141×min([serum creatinine concentration in micromoles per liter per 88.4]/ĸ, 1)α×max([serum creatinine concentration in micromoles per liter per 88.4]/ĸ, 1)−1.209×0.993Age×1.018 [if a woman]. ĸ=0.7 if a woman and 0.9 if a man; α=−0.329 if a woman and −0.411 if a man. Min is the minimum of serum creatinine concentration/ĸ or one; max is the maximum of serum creatinine concentration/ĸ or one. On the basis of recent Ontario Renal Network guidelines, race was not factored into the calculation of eGFR.