Table 1.

Comparison Chart for Related Work.

Reference	Proposed Technique	Focus	Network	Simulation/Frequency Band	Parameters Improved
[1]	A detailed survey on spectrum sensing technique in 5G.	Sensing	Distributed	-	Spectrum trading and leasing Multi-user interference
[2]	A CR-enabled NOMA network capable of wireless data and power transmission at the same time.	Sensing	Distributed	106 iterations Monte Carlo simulations	Power outage probability
[3]	One of SenPUI’s key issues, detecting and Primary User Interference, is addressed by a unique cognitive radio algorithm.	Sensing	Centralized	Real-time implementation with IEEE 802.15.4	Throughput Primary User Interference
[4]	Models for analyzing and evaluating sharing procedures under a wide variety of situations were provided.	Sharing	Distributed	MATLAB	PU activity SU Arrival
[5]	In cognitive radio networks, the hidden Markov model (HMM) was used for opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) through cooperative spectrum sharing.	Sharing	Distributed	HMM in OSA	Detection Probability
[6]	The CR networks may now be made aware of the needs of unlicensed users through a new method that reduces sensing latency.	Sensing	Distributed	Q-learning for different radio access techniques	Sensing Latency
[7]	Two machine learning (ML) approaches that have been developed to increase spectrum sensing performance are k-nearest neighbors and random forest.	Policy	Distributed	Energy detection using k-NN and RF Algorithms	Energy Detection
[8]	Massive MIMO cognitive radio underlay user selection was proposed using a QoS-aware technique.	Policy	Distributed	Deployed a DNN with MIMO CR	Loss Function Success Rate Average transition time