Table 4.
Associations of exposure to PM2.5 and O3 at the residential address during pregnancy with indicators of adiposity at age 4–6 years - model 3.
| Exposure (increment) | Overweight | Waist circumference | Percent fat mass | FMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Trimester 1 average PM2.5 (1.3 μg/m3) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.30) | −0.08 (−0.48, 0.32) | −0.28 (−0.94, 0.38) | −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) |
| Trimester 2 average PM2.5 (1.3 μg/m3) | 1.06 (0.78, 1.43) | 0.32 (−0.07, 0.72) | 0.70 (0.05, 1.35) | 0.13 (0.01, 0.25) |
| Trimester 3 average PM2.5 (1.3 μg/m3) | 1.03 (0.74, 1.43) | −0.25 (−0.66, 0.16) | −1.17 (−1.84, −0.50) | −0.18 (−0.31, −0.06) |
| Full pregnancy average PM2.5 (0.9 μg/m3) | 1.10 (0.77, 1.57) | −0.05 (−0.51, 0.40) | −0.35 (−1.12, 0.42) | −0.05 (−0.19, 0.09) |
| Trimester 1 average 8-hr max O3 (20.4 ppb) | 0.95 (0.37, 2.43) | −0.14 (−1.27, 1.00) | −2.49 (−4.39, −0.58) | −0.35 (−0.70, 0.01) |
| Trimester 2 average 8-hr max O3 (18.0 ppb) | 1.19 (0.54, 2.62) | −0.04 (−1.03, 0.96) | 0.04 (−1.59, 1.67) | 0.03 (−0.28, 0.33) |
| Trimester 3 average 8-hr max O3 (18.7 ppb) | 1.12 (0.50, 2.51) | −0.98 (−2.03, 0.07) | 1.89 (0.15, 3.63) | 0.25 (−0.08, 0.57) |
| Full pregnancy average 8-hr max O3 (5.8 ppb) | 1.32 (0.79, 2.20) | −0.37 (−1.01, 0.27) | −0.45 (−1.54, 0.64) | −0.06 (−0.26, 0.14) |
Abbreviations: PM2.5 = fine particulate matter; O3 = ozone; FMI = fat mass index. Statistically significant results are highlighted in bold (p <0.05).
Associations are shown for an interquartile range increase in exposure. Associations are adjusted for child’s sex, child’s age, maternal age at delivery, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, race/ethnicity, maternal level of education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, season of birth and median income in the Census tract. Associations with PM2.5 are additionally adjusted for the average 8-hour maximum O3 concentration during the specified pregnancy period. Associations with O3 are additionally adjusted for the average daily PM2.5 concentration during the specified pregnancy period.