Table 2.

ML methods and evaluation metrics results extracted from the literature.

Ref.	Methods used	Evaluation performance metrics
		Accuracy	Specificity	Sensitivity/recall	F1	AUC	Precision	TPR	FPR
[16]	SVM	98.11	0.9574	0.8888
	NB	96.22	0.93610	0.9696
	CNN	99.53	1.0	0.9757
	LR	96.69	0.9575	0.9696
	KNN	95.75	0.9148	0.9696
	ANN	97.64	0.9787	0.9757
[59]	Decision tree	91.1	0.71	0.91
[48]	SVM	100%
	NB	97.017%
	Decision table	100%
[19]	Decision tree	FM = 89.1, SM = 89.3						FM = 89.4, SM = 90.4	FM = 70.8, SM = 66.6
	AD Tree	FM = 88.7, SM = 88.4						FM = 89.0, SM = 89.2	FM = 81.8, SM = 72.3
	CDT	FM = 88.2, SM = 90.5						FM = 89.3, SM = 89.6	FM = 67.5, SM = 73.3
	J48	FM = 88.8, SM = 91.7						FM = 89.7, SM = 94.8	FM = 73.0, SM = 71.7
	LAD Tree	FM = 89.2, SM = 87.55						FM = 89.8, SM = 89.6	FM = 63.3, SM = 55.0
[62]	DENN		0.99	0.99	0.99
	NN		0.94	0.94	0.94
	RF		0.92	0.91	0.91
	SVM		0.73	0.73	0.73
	Gradient boosting		0.85	0.85	0.85
[4]	SVM	0.83		0.88	0.88	0.88	0.89
	NB	0.89		0.84	0.91	0.91	1.0
	RF	0.93		1.0	0.96	0.96	0.92
	KNN	0.98		0.97	0.99	0.99	1.0
[1]	J48	98.44		0.984	0.984		0.984
	LMT	98.44		0.984	0.984		0.984
	DS	97.82		0.978	0.977		0.979
	REP Tree	97.66		0.977	0.976		0.977
	NP Tree	97.98		0.980	0.979		0.980
[53]	DT	Child = 82.76, adolescent = 83.87, adult = 91		Overall % AVERAG = 84.71			Overall % AVERAG = 86.45
	NB	Child = 93.1, adolescent = 80.65, adult = 97.16		Overall % AVERAG = 88.98			Overall % AVERAG = 89.25
	KNN	Child = 86.21, adolescent = 87.1, adult = 93.36		Overall % AVERAG = 88.90			Overall % AVERAG = 91.87
	RT	Child = 67.82, adolescent = 77.4, adult = 72.99		Overall % AVERAG = 62.72			Overall % AVERAG = 56.43
	Deep learning	Child = 96.55, adolescent = 93.55, adult = 99.05		Overall % AVERAG = 96.49			Overall % AVERAG = 96.10
[61]	LDA	0.9080	0.8667	0.9524	0.9091		0.8696
	KNN	0.8851	0.8000	0.9762	0.8913		0.8200
[63]	RF	0.9571	0.9821	0.8571
[47]	DNN	86.96			Nonautism = 0.8000, mildautism = 0.8235, severe autism = 0.9474
	OVR-SVM	56.52			Nonautism = 0.571, mildautism = 0.6154, severe autism = 0.4615
	CART	60.87			Nonautism = 0.545, mildautism = 0.5556, severe autism = 0.7059
[46]	LR			0.97	0.97		0.97
[57]	DT	Child = 0.8226, adolescent = 0.80, adult = 0.8798	Child = 0.8710, adolescent = 0.4444, adult = 0.9302	Child = 0.7742, adolescent = 0.9375, adult = 0.7593	Child = 0.8136, adolescent = 0.8571, adult = 0.7885	Child = 0.8225, adolescent = 0.9375, adult = 0.8447
	RF	Child = 0.8226, adolescent = 0.88, adult = 0.9180	Child = 0.8387, adolescent = 0.8889, adult = 0.9690	Child = 0.8065, adolescent = 0.8750, adult = 0.8148	Child = 0.8197, adolescent = 0.900, adult = 0.8544	Child = 0.9433, adolescent = 0.9444, adult = 0.9812
	RF (hyperparameter)	Child = 0.9032, adolescent = N/A, adult = 0.9727	Child = 0.8701, adolescent = N/M, adult = 0.9922	Child = 0.9355, adolescent = N/A, adult = 0.9259	Child = 0.9062, adolescent = N/A, adult = 0.9524	Child = 0.9977, adolescent = N/A, adult = 0.9977
	LR	Child = 0.9032, adolescent = 0.92, adult = 0.9836	Child = 0.8710, adolescent = 0.7778, adult = 0.9845	Child = 0.9354, adolescent = 1.00, adult = 0.9814	Child = 0.9062, adolescent = 0.9412, adult = 0.9725	Child = 0.9865, adolescent = 0.9931, adult = 0.9959
	SVM	Child = 0.9677, adolescent = 0.80, adult = 0.9235	Child = 0.9355, adolescent = 0.4444, adult = 0.9690	Child = 1.00, adolescent = 1.00, adult = 0.8148	Child = 0.9688, adolescent = 0.8649, adult = 0.8627	Child = 0.9896, adolescent = 0.9861, adult = 0.9886
	ANN	Child = 0.9516, adolescent = 0.76, adult = 0.9891	Child = 0.9355, adolescent = 0.8125, adult = 0.9922	Child = 0.9677, adolescent = 0.9815, adult = 0.9815	Child = 0.9508, adolescent = 0.8125, adult = 0.9815	Child = 0.9896, adolescent = 0.9861, adult = 0.9887
[64]	DNN	Dataset1 = 90.4, Dataset2 = 96.08	Dataset1 = 100, Dataset2 = 97.32	Dataset1 = 97.89, Dataset2 = 92.68
	SVM	Dataset1 = 95.24, Dataset2 = 95.08	N/A	N/A
[15]	ANN	Toddlers = 0.9896, child = 0.9589, adolescent = 0.903, adult = 0.9901	Toddlers = 0.9886, child = 0.9593, adolescent = 0.8948, adult = 0.9964	Toddlers = 0.9886, child = 0.9589, adolescent = 0.9038, adult = 0.9901	Toddlers = 0.9896, child = 0.9589, adolescent = 0.9038, adult = 0.9901	Toddlers = 0.9891, child = 0.9591, adolescent = 0.8993, adult = 0.9932
	RNN	Toddlers = 0.9943, child = 0.9726, adolescent = 0.884, adult = 0.9673	Toddlers = 0.9924, child = 0.9721, adolescent = 0.8823, adult = 0.9110	Toddlers = 0.9943, child = 0.9726, adolescent = 0.8846, adult = 0.9673	Toddlers = 0.9943, child = 0.9726, adolescent = 0.8851, adult = 0.9666	Toddlers = 0.9933, child = 0.9723, adolescent = 0.8835, adult = 0.9392
	DT	Toddlers = 0.9175, child = 0.8938, adolescent = 0.759, adult = 0.9062	Toddlers = 0.8885, child = 0.8938, adolescent = 0.6817, adult = 0.8450	Toddlers = 0.9175, child = 0.8938, adolescent = 0.7596, adult = 0.9062	Toddlers = 0.9174, child = 0.8938, adolescent = 0.7482, adult = 0.9058	Toddlers = 0.9030, child = 0.8938, adolescent = 0.7207, adult = 0.8756
	ELM	Toddlers = 0.9231, child = 0.8973, adolescent = 0.826, adult = 0.9190	Toddlers = 0.8860, child = 0.8965, adolescent = 0.8363, adult = 8531	Toddlers = 0.9231, child = 0.8973, adolescent = 0.8269, adult = 0.9190	Toddlers = 0.9227, child = 0.8972, adolescent = 0.8285, adult = 0.9181	Toddlers = 0.9046, child = 0.8969, adolescent = 0.8316, adult = 0.8860
	GB	Toddlers = 0.9782, child = 0.9315, adolescent = 0.8750, adult = 0.9659	Toddlers = 0.9665, child = 0.9318, adolescent = 0.8335, adult = 0.9306	Toddlers = 0.9782, child = 0.9315, adolescent = 0.8750, adult = 0.9659	Toddlers = 0.9781, child = 0.8915, adolescent = 0.8725, adult = 0.9656	Toddlers = 0.9723, child = 0.9317, adolescent = 0.8542, adult = 0.9482
	KNN	Toddlers = 0.9488, child = 0.8904, adolescent = 0.8077, adult = 0.9432	Toddlers = 0.9398, child = 0.8953, adolescent = 0.7130, adult = 0.9289	Toddlers = 0.9488, child = 0.8904, adolescent = 0.8077, adult = 0.9432	Toddlers = 0.9490, child = 0.8901, adolescent = 0.7927, adult = 0.9436	Toddlers = 0.9443, child = 0.8929, adolescent = 0.7604, adult = 0.9360
	LR	Toddlers = 1.0, child = 0.9932, adolescent = 0.951, adult = 0.9986	Toddlers = 1.0, child = 0.9927, adolescent = 0.9346, adult = 0.9961	Toddlers = 1.0, child = 0.9932, adolescent = 0.9519, adult = 0.9986	Toddlers = 1.0, child = 0.9931, adolescent = 0.9516, adult = 0.9986	Toddlers = 1.0, child = 0.9929, adolescent = 0.9433, adult = 0.9974
	MLP	Toddlers = 0.9991, child = 0.9863, adolescent = 0.942, adult = 0.9957	Toddlers = 0.9996, child = 0.9858, adolescent = 0.9199, adult = 0.9951	Toddlers = 0.9991, child = 0.9863, adolescent = 0.9423, adult = 0.9957	Toddlers = 0.9991, child = 0.9863, adolescent = 0.9417, adult = 0.9957	Toddlers = 0.9993, child = 0.9861, adolescent = 0.9311, adult = 0.9954
	NB	Toddlers = 0.9431, child = 0.8664, adolescent = 0.855, adult = 0.9418	Toddlers = 0.9152, child = 0.8635, adolescent = 0.8380, adult = 0.9150	Toddlers = 0.9431, child = 0.8664, adolescent = 0.8558, adult = 0.9418	Toddlers = 0.9428, child = 0.8661, adolescent = 0.8554, adult = 0.9419	Toddlers = 0.9291, child = 8650, adolescent = 0.8469, adult = 0.9284
	RF	Toddlers = 0.9592, child = 0.9110, adolescent = 0.894, adult = 0.9588	Toddlers = 0.9343, child = 0.9098, adolescent = 0.8630, adult = 0.9112	Toddlers = 0.9592, child = 0.9110, adolescent = 0.8942, adult = 0.9588	Toddlers = 0.9590, child = 0.9109, adolescent = 0.8928, adult = 0.9583	Toddlers = 0.9468, child = 0.9104, adolescent = 0.8786, adult = 0.9350
	SVM	Toddlers = 0.9753, child = 0.9452, adolescent = 0.894, adult = 0.9716	Toddlers = 0.9568, child = 0.9446, adolescent = 0.8545, adult = 0.9393	Toddlers = 0.9753, child = 0.9452, adolescent = 0.8942, adult = 0.9716	Toddlers = 0.9752, child = 0.9452, adolescent = 0.8921, adult = 0.9713	Toddlers = 0.9661, child = 0.9449, adolescent = 0.8744, adult = 0.9555
	XGB	Toddlers = 0.9820, child = 0.9555, adolescent = 0.913, adult = 0.9659	Toddlers = 0.9767, child = 0.9556, adolescent = 0.8755, adult = 0.9406	Toddlers = 0.9820, child = 0.9555, adolescent = 0.9135, adult = 0.9659	Toddlers = 0.9820, child = 0.9555, adolescent = 0.9117, adult = 0.9658	Toddlers = 0.9793, child = 0.9555, adolescent = 0.8945, adult = 0.9533
[54]	KNN	67.5564
	LR	72.0238
	SVM	70.5952
	LDA	72.2024
	NB	70.7769
	Classification and regression tree	69.1667
[60]	WOEM	99	98	98
	SLFN(ELM)	96	96	96
	SVM	94	96.5	96.5
	ANN	90	95	95
	KNN	95	97	97
[55]	DT	2K‐fold = 100, 3K‐fold = 100, 4K‐fold = 100, 5K‐fold = 100, 6K‐fold = 100, 7K‐fold = 100, 8K‐fold = 100‐‐fold = 100
	LDA	2K‐fold = 96.3, 3K‐fold = 96.7, 4K‐fold = 96.7, 5K‐fold = 96.7, 6K‐fold = 96.6, 7K‐fold = 96.9, 8K‐fold = 96.7, 9K‐fold = 96.9, 10K‐fold = 96.9
	LR	2K‐fold = 99.7, 3K‐fold = 99.7, 4K‐fold = 99.6, 5K‐fold = 99.6, 6K‐fold = 99.6, 7K‐fold = 99.6, 8K‐fold = 99.6, 9K‐fold = 99.6, 10K‐fold = 99.6
	SVM	2K‐fold = 99.3, 3K‐fold = 99.3, 4K‐fold = 98.9, 5K‐fold = 99.3, 6K‐fold = 99.4, 7K‐fold = 99.6, 8K‐fold = 99.4, 9K‐fold = 99.9, 10K‐fold = 99.9
	KNN	2K‐old = 92.8, 3K‐fold = 94, 4K‐fold = 93, 5K‐fold = 93.8, 6K‐fold = 92.9, 7K‐fold = 933, 8K‐fold = 94.2, 9K‐fold = 93.9, 10K‐fold = 92.9
[44]	RF	Child = 1.0, adolescent = 0.976, adult = 0.992		Child = 0.993, adolescent = 0.976, adult = 0.993			Child = 1.0, adolescent = 0.977, adult = 0.993
	LR	Child = 0.923, adolescent = 0.881, adult = 0.94		Child = 0.923, adolescent = 0.881, adult = 0.94			Child = 0.923, adolescent = 0.908, adult = 0.94
	NB	Child = 0.983, adolescent = 1.0, adult = 0.986		Child = 0.983, adolescent = 1.0, adult = 0.986			Child = 0.984, adolescent = 1.0, adult = 0.986
	MCR with average of probabilities	Child = 0.932, adolescent = 0.93, adult = 0.996		Child = 0.932, adolescent = 0.929, adult = 0.996			Child = 0.932, adolescent = 0.939, adult = 0.996
	MCR with majority voting	Child = 0.983, adolescent = 1.0, adult = 1.0		Child = 0.983, adolescent = 1.0, adult = 1.0			Child = 0.984, adolescent = 1.0, adult = 1.0
[5]	J48	Child = 92, adolescent = 81adult = 93, complete = 92	Child = 93, adolescent = 83, adult = 86, complete = 87	Child = 91, adolescent = 76, adult = 96, complete = 94
	RF	Child = 93, adolescent = 92, adult = 96, complete = 95	Child = 92, adolescent = 91, adult = 93, complete = 94	Child = 95, adolescent = 94, adult = 93, complete = 92
	Bayes	Child = 96, adolescent = 92, adult = 97, complete = 96	Child = 95, adolescent = 91, adult = 93, complete = 92	Child = 97, adolescent = 95, adult = 98, complete = 98
	Adaboost	Child = 90, adolescent = 89, adult = 94, complete = 92	Child = 86, adolescent = 86, adult = 87, complete = 84	Child = 95, adolescent = 95, adult = 93, complete = 92
	PART	Child = 92, adolescent = 85, adult = 94, complete = 95	Child = 90, adolescent = 86, adult = 88, complete = 94	Child = 90, adolescent = 86, adult = 87.5, complete = 94
	ANN	Child = 92, adolescent = 87, adult = 96, complete = 95.5	Child = 90, adolescent = 84, adult = 94, complete = 95	Child = 90, adolescent = 84, adult = 94.5, complete = 95
	SVM	Child = 94, adolescent = 93, adult = 97, complete = 97	Child = 94, adolescent = 90, adult = 95, complete = 96	Child = 94, adolescent = 90, adult = 95, complete = 96
	AttSelclasss	Child = 93, adolescent = 85, adult = 96, complete = 97	Child = 97.5, adolescent = 86, adult = 99, complete = 98	Child = 97, adolescent = 86, adult = 99, complete = 98
[42]	FARF (combined Firefly-Random Forest)	94.32			35.10
	RF	90.78			34.09
[45]	ANN	83	83.5	84	85		83
	SVM	91	86.5	86	86		86
	IANFIS	98	90	91	92		89
[56]	SVM-NP	95.547		0.940	0.956		0.973
	SVM-PK	100		1.00	1.00		1.00
	SVM-PUK	100		1.00	1.00		1.00
	SVM-RBF	99.315		0.993	0.993		0.993
[58]	SVM	Adolescent = 59.6154, child = 53.0822, adult = 69.7443
	Active pruning rules (APR)	Adolescent = 66.3462, child = 60.9589, adult = 73.7216
	RKFNN	Adolescent = 72.1154, child = 71.2329, adult = 80.2257
[65]	BFNNRELU	Child = 98.73, adolescent = 94.32, adult = 97.28	Child = 0.9678, adolescent = 0.9380, adult = 0.9601	Child = 0.9716, adolescent = 0.9571, adult = 0.9601		Child = 0.9697, adolescent = 0.9475, adult = 0.9559
	ANFAND	Child = 73.63, adolescent = 81.50, adult = 95.57	Child = 0.7333, adolescent = 0.9259, adult = 0.8976	Child = 0.5236, adolescent = 0.6758, adult = 0.8976		Child = 0.6577, adolescent = 0.8061, adult = 0.9379
	SVM	Child = 98.67, adolescent = 89.26, adult = 94.21	Child = 0.9872, adolescent = 0.8745, adult = 0.8946	Child = 0.9954, adolescent = 0.9452, adult = 0.8946		Child = 0.9913, adolescent = 0.9098, adult = 0.9350
	MLP	Child = 99.05, adolescent = 90.28, adult = 99.91	Child = 0.9952, adolescent = 0.9402, adult = 0.9977	Child = 0.9860, adolescent = 0.8451, adult = 0.9977		Child = 0.9906, adolescent = 0.8926, adult = 0.9986
	NB	Child = 99.82, adolescent = 93.35, adult = 96.51	Child = 1.0, adolescent = 0.9947, adult = 0.9846	Child = 1.0, adolescent = 0.9152, adult = 0.9846		Child = 1.0, adolescent = 0.9459, adult = 0.9781
	C4.5	Child = 94.86, adolescent = 89.13, adult = 91.86	Child = 0.7854, adolescent = 0.8851, adult = 0.7500	Child = 0.9987, adolescent = 0.8926, adult = 0.7500		Child = 0.8920, adolescent = 0.8885, adult = 0.8750
	RNT	Child = 91.61, adolescent = 87.88, adult = 95.30	Child = 0.9108, adolescent = 0.9313, adult = 0.9065	Child = 0.9210, adolescent = 0.7963, adult = 0.9065		Child = 0.9259, adolescent = 0.8638, adult = 0.9382
[40]	MCFM	0.842			0.843
	SVM	0.833			0.833
	RF	0.851			0.852
	NB	0.865			0.865

FM: family medical history; SM: subject medical history.