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. 2022 Jul 4;82:104087. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104087

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cold exposure induces AF and gut microbiota dysbiosis in rats. (A) Endocardial and surface electrograms recordings in response to burst pacing in RT and Cold rats. (B) Number of rats in which AF could be reproducibly induced by right atrial burst pacing. (C) AF duration in RT and Cold groups (n=13 per group). (D) Representative images of Masson's trichrome staining and the collagen volume fraction in the atria of RT and Cold rats (n = 3 per group). Magnification × 200, scale bar = 50μm. (E) Representative bands and quantification of expressions of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in rats of RT and Cold rats groups (n = 6 per group). (F) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of unweighted UniFrac revealed clustering of the gut microbiota after temperatures. Each dot represents a single sample of feces. (G) The top 10 of relative abundance of gut microbiota at family level in feces of RT and Cold rats (n = 13 per group). GAPDH was used for normalization. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and compared by Student's t test (D and E) or Wilcoxon test (C). AF inducibility (B) was presented as numbers and compared by Fisher exact test. RT, room temperature. AF, atrial fibrillation. SR, sinus rhythm.