Figure 1.

Determination of the maximal tolerable dose of ES and ES-Cu complex.A, BY4741 WT yeast cells were cultured in YPD medium at 30 °C in the presence of increasing concentrations (0.1–5 μM) of the indicated compound. The cell density was measured spectrophotometrically after 12 h of growth at 600 nm. Percent of growth was calculated by comparing the optical density of each culture to that of WT treated with vehicle. B, Cu levels in BY4741 WT yeast cells treated with the indicated compound were measured by ICP-MS. C, ABC₁₆ monster yeast cells and their isogenic WT control were cultured at 30 °C in YPD + 5 μM CuCl₂ with increasing concentrations (0.1–5 μM) of ES. The cell density was measured spectrophotometrically after 12 h of growth at 600 nm. D, Cu levels in WT and ABC₁₆ yeast cells, grown at 30 °C in YPD + 5 μM CuCl₂ supplemented with either vehicle or 0.25 μM ES, were measured by ICP-MS. Data are expressed as mean ± SD; (n = 3), ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, ns = not significant. ES, elesclomol; ES-Cu, elesclomol-copper complex; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.