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. 2022 Jul 8;12:11581. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15617-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Infiltration of peripheral cells revealed by Gal3 immunostaining. Both animal groups, ICV-injected either with saline (Sal) or with neuraminidase (NA), were sacrificed 4 h (4 h) or 2 weeks (2w) after the ICV. Their brains were removed and processed for Gal3 immunostaining. Rats sacrificed 4 h post-injection (A–D) belong to other study, and were used here as a positive control for cell infiltration. The sections immunostained correspond to levels close to the ICV-injection site (see scheme at the top right, where the photographed areas are squared in red). Gal3-positive cells (stained in red) appear in rats sacrificed 4 h after the injection (A–D), and are noticeably more abundant in those ICV-injected with NA (B,D), revealing infiltration of peripheral cells shortly after the injection. Infiltrated cells are mainly located in the cerebral cortex (Ctx), the corpus callosum (Cc) as well as in the hippocampus (Hc) and the choroid plexus (Cp) located in the dorsal third ventricle (D3V), all close to the injection site. No infiltrating cells are seen after 2 weeks of the ICV injection neither with saline (E) nor with NA (F). Images in (A–F) are a z-stack projection of several confocal planes. Insets in (B) and (D) are higher magnifications of the regions squared with a broken line in each respective image, and correspond to a single confocal plane. sm stria medullaris thalamus, df dorsal fornix.