Table 1.
Overview of prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of HCC
| Author,year | Model | Country | Intervention | Validation type | Sample size(N) | Outcome | Predictors | AUC (95%CI) |
Discrimination plot | Calibration plot |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Adhoute X, 2016 [33] |
NIACE | France | Surgery, TACE, Sorafenib | IV,EV | 161 | OS | the number of nodules, the infiltrating nature of the HCC, AFP, CP, ECOG PS | 0.784 | Absent | Absent |
|
Berhane S, 2019 [17] |
PROSASH | UK | sorafenib | IV | 588 | OS | vascular invasion, age, ECOG PS, AFP, albumin, creatinine, AST, extra hepatic spread and aetiology | 0.72 to 0.70 | Absent | Present |
|
Chan SL, 2019 [34] |
ILIS |
Hong Kong Newcastle |
sorafenib | IV,EV | 627 | OS |
albumin, Bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, Neutrophil, AFP |
/ | Absent | Absent |
|
Choi GH, 2014 [35] |
SPSM | US | sorafenib | IV,EV | 356 | OS | CP, AFP, tumor morphology, vascular invasion, extrahepatic involvement |
0.809 (0.765–0.868) |
Present | Present |
|
Conroy G, 2017 [36] |
IBSs-SII | France | sorafenib | / | 161 | OS | AST, BMI, SII, CP-B, macroscopic vascular invasion | / | Absent | Absent |
|
Di Costanzo GG,2015 [37] |
3-GPI | Italy | sorafenib | IV,EV | 226 | OS | AFP, bilirubin, ALT | / | Absent | Absent |
|
Di Costanzo GG, 2017 [38] |
OTE | Italy | sorafenib | IV | 279 | OS |
Skin toxicity, diarrhoea, arterial hypertension |
0.715 (0.645–0.785) |
Present | Absent |
|
Diaz-Beveridge R, 2017 [39] |
La Fa | Spain | sorafenib | IV | 145 | OS | ECOG PS, CP score, early onset diarrhoea, bNLR | 0.69 | Absent | Absent |
|
Edeline J, 2017 [40] |
SAP | France, UK | sorafenib | IV,EV | 370 | OS | ECOG PS, AFP, tumour size, bilirubin, albumin |
0.732 (0.669–0.789) |
Absent | Absent |
|
Ha Y, 2020 [41] |
LMR-N | Korea, US | sorafenib | / | 297 | OS | LMR, treatment location, previous treatment, PS, AFP, lymph node metastasis, CP score |
0.71 (0.67–0.75) |
Absent | Absent |
|
Howell J, 2017 [42] |
RD-CLIP | Japan, Italy and UK | sorafenib | / | 442 | OS | CLIP score, RDW, treatment-related diarrhoea |
0.808 (0.734–0.882) |
Absent | Absent |
|
Kim HY,2018 [43] |
NBBM | Korea | sorafenib | IV | 124 | OS | etiology, platelet count, BCLC, PIVKA- II, HGF, FGF |
0.825 (0.734–0.915) |
Present | Absent |
|
Kinoshita A,2013 [44] |
GPS | Japan |
TACE, TAI, systemic chemotherapy, sorafenib or BSC |
/ | 150 | OS |
AST, total bilirubin, decreased albumin, AFP, larger tumor diameter, tumor number, vascular invasion, extra hepatic metastasis, CP, CLIP |
0.897 (0.699–0.876) |
Present | Absent |
|
Labeur TA,2020 [18] |
PROSASH-II | Bordeaux, France, Germany, Amsterdam, Rotterdam | sorafenib | IV,EV | 615 | OS | the serum albumin, bilirubin, AFP, macrovascular invasion, extrahepatic spread, largest tumour size |
0.63 (0.60–0.66) |
Absent | Absent |
|
Lee HW,2017 [45] |
NEXT | Korea | sorafenib | IV,EV | 272 | OS | ECOG PS, CP score, serum sodium, AFP |
0.809 (0.758–0.860) |
Present | Absent |
|
Nakanishi H,2016 [46] |
BCP | Japan | sorafenib | / | 165 | OS | CRP, albumin, AFP, lack of major vascular invasion | / | Absent | Absent |
|
Pan QZ,2015 [47] |
ACIKCI-N | China | adjuvant CIK cell immunotherapy | IV | 1031 | OS | tumor size, tumor capsule, pathological grades, total bilirubin, albumin, PT, AFP, tumor number |
0.698 (0.677–0.719) |
Present | Present |
|
Qin S,2017 [48] |
FOLFOX4-N |
mainland China, Taiwan, Korea, and Thailand |
FOLFOX 4 | IV | 184 | OS | age, maximum tumor diameter, lymph node status, AST, TBIL, AFP |
0.75 (0.71–0.80) |
Absent | Present |
|
Sprinzl MF,2018 [49] |
GPS-EP | Germany | sorafenib | IV | 120 | OS | ECOG PS, PVTT, GPS |
0.826 (0.746–0.907) |
Present | Absent |
|
Takeda H,2015 [19] |
JRC | Japan | sorafenib | IV | 270 | OS | distant metastases, PVTT, intrahepatic tumor burden, AFP, des-γ-carboxyprothrombin, albumin, total bilirubin |
0.755 (0.707–0.803) |
Absent | Absent |
|
Tang C,2020 [50] |
9-MRG | ①TCGA②ICGC | sorafenib | EV | 374 | OS | RRM2, DTYMK, LPCAT1, LCAT, TXNRD1, G6PD, PTGES, ENTPD2, UCK2 | 0.797 | Present | Present |
|
Yoo JJ,2017 [20] |
SCHCC | Korea | sorafenib | IV | 612 | OS | CP, AFP, tumor type, extrahepatic metastasis, PVTT | 0.818 | Absent | Absent |
|
Yuan J,2017 [51] |
PBNC-N | China | sorafenib | / | 464 | OS | HBsAg, neutrophil count, thrombus, metastasis, tumor size | 0.79 | Present | Present |
|
Liu T,2020 [52] |
7-IRGBM | TCGA, ICGC | / | IV,EV | 374 | OS | BIRC5, FOS, DKK1, FGF13, IL11, IL17D, SPP1 | 0.778 | Present | Absent |
|
Huo J,2020 [53] |
IGPPM | TCGA, ICGC | / | IV,EV | 374 | OS | 45 immune-gene pairs with general applicability | 0.899 | Present | Absent |
|
Xu D,2020 [54] |
8-IPSHCC | TCGA, ICGC | / | IV,EV | 423 | OS | CKLF, IL12A, CCL20, PRELID1, FYN, GLMN, ACVR2A, CD7 | 0.79 | Present | Absent |
|
Wang WJ,2020 [55] |
10-IRGPM | China, TCGA | / | IV,EV | 374 | OS | BIRC5, CSPG5, IL-11, FABP6, FIGNL2, GAL, IL17D, MAPT, SPP1, STC2 | 0.818 | Present | Absent |
|
Wang Z,2020 [56] |
9-NIRPM | TCGA,ICGC | / | IV,EV | 337 | OS | ANGPT1, MAPT, DCK, SEMA3F, IL17D, HSPA4, RBP2, NDRG1, OSGIN1 | 0.811 | Present | Absent |
IV Internal validation, EV External validation, OS Overall survival, HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma, AFP Alpha-fetoprotein, CP Child Pugh score, ECOG PS Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score standard, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, BMI Body mass index, SII Systemic immune inflammation index, NLR Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, LMR Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, CLIP Cancer of Liver Italian Program, RDW Red cell distribution width, PIVKA- II Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonist-II, HGF Hepatocyte growth factor, FGF Fibroblast growth factor, CRP C-reactive protein, PT Prothrombin time, PVTT Portal vein tumor thrombus, NIACE the number of nodules, the infiltrating nature of the HCC, α-fetoprotein serum level, Child–Pugh score, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status grade, PROSASH PRediction Of Survival in Advanced Sorafenib-treated HCC, ILIS the Integrated Liver Inflammatory Score, SPSM Sorafenib-treated Prognostic Scoring Models, IBSs-SII Inflammation-based scores- systemic immune-inflammation index, 3-GPI a 3-group prognostic index, OTE Off-target effects, SAP Sorafenib Advanced HCC Prognosis, LMR-N Lymphocyte to monocyte ratio-nomogram, RD-CLIP baseline Red cell distribution width-Cancer of Liver Italian Program, NBBM Novel biomarker-based model, GPS The Glasgow Prognostic Score, PROSASH-II PRediction Of Survival in Advanced Sorafenib-treated HCC-II, NEXT Survival after Stopping Nexavar Treatment, BCP the Baseline C-reactive protein Prognostic, ACIKCI-N Adjuvant Cytokine-Induced Killer Cell Immunotherapy-nomogram, FOLFOX4-N FOLFOX4-nomogram, GPS-EP portal thrombosis and GPS within an extended score, JRC Proposal of Japan Red Cross score, 9-MRG Nine metabolism-related genes, SCHCC Sub-classification of Advanced-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma, PBNC-N Peripheral blood neutrophil count-nomogram, 7-IRGBM Seven Immune-Related genes-based model, IGPPM ImmuneGene Pairs Prognostic Model, 8-IPSHCC a Novel 8 Immune Gene Prognostic Signature, 10-IRGPM Ten Immune-Related Genes Prognostic Model, 9-NIRPM a novel 9 immune-related prognostic model