Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of ICU patients grouped according to TyG index quartiles
| Categories | Overall (N = 3026) | Q1 (N = 756) | Q2 (N = 755) | Q3 (N = 758) | Q4 (N = 757) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 65.44 (16.07) | 68.32 (16.44) | 66.83 (15.90) | 65.62 (15.58) | 60.99 (15.45) | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 1786 (59.0) | 451 (59.7) | 437 (57.9) | 455 (60.0) | 443 (58.5) | 0.819 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.003 | |||||
| Asian | 617 (20.4) | 135 (17.9) | 139 (18.4) | 170 (22.4) | 173 (22.9) | |
| Black | 58 (1.9) | 21 (2.8) | 10 (1.3) | 19 (2.5) | 8 (1.1) | |
| White | 202 (6.7) | 62 (8.2) | 44 (5.8) | 36 (4.7) | 60 (7.9) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 83 (2.7) | 15 (2.0) | 25 (3.3) | 21 (2.8) | 22 (2.9) | |
| Other | 2066 (68.3) | 523 (69.2) | 537 (71.1) | 512 (67.5) | 494 (65.3) | |
| Weight, kg, mean (SD) | 82.25 (22.71) | 77.00 (19.72) | 80.49 (22.39) | 82.28 (21.75) | 88.98 (24.93) | < 0.001 |
| Height, cm, mean (SD) | 169.92 (14.47) | 171.03 (20.16) | 169.30 (13.36) | 169.27 (12.04) | 170.14 (11.20) | 0.319 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 31.35 (76.35) | 36.20 (156.02) | 29.21 (12.59) | 29.18 (13.20) | 31.10 (12.03) | 0.581 |
| ICU admission | ||||||
| SOFA score, mean (SD) | 3.32 (2.91) | 2.86 (2.45) | 3.00 (2.59) | 3.42 (2.88) | 4.01 (3.48) | < 0.001 |
| LODS score, mean (SD) | 3.49 (2.56) | 3.08 (2.25) | 3.20 (2.26) | 3.64 (2.61) | 4.05 (2.94) | < 0.001 |
| OASIS score, mean (SD) | 30.94 (8.96) | 29.81 (8.58) | 30.45 (8.38) | 31.29 (9.04) | 32.22 (9.61) | < 0.001 |
| SIRS score, mean (SD) | 2.51 (1.06) | 2.32 (1.04) | 2.40 (1.06) | 2.57 (1.03) | 2.73 (1.05) | < 0.001 |
| APSIII, mean (SD) | 39.29 (18.74) | 36.61 (16.12) | 37.10 (17.36) | 39.37 (19.18) | 44.05 (21.01) | < 0.001 |
| SAPSII, mean (SD) | 32.83 (13.23) | 31.50 (12.09) | 32.08 (12.33) | 33.39 (13.59) | 34.37 (14.58) | < 0.001 |
| First Care Unit, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| CCU | 1259 (41.6) | 332 (43.9) | 304 (40.3) | 333 (43.9) | 290 (38.3) | |
| CSRU | 152 (5.0) | 27 (3.6) | 36 (4.8) | 45 (5.9) | 44 (5.8) | |
| MICU | 708 (23.4) | 152 (20.1) | 162 (21.5) | 159 (21.0) | 235 (31.0) | |
| SICU | 643 (21.2) | 180 (23.8) | 176 (23.3) | 154 (20.3) | 133 (17.6) | |
| TSICU | 264 (8.7) | 65 (8.6) | 77 (10.2) | 67 (8.8) | 55 (7.3) | |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| HR, bmp, mean (SD) | 81.13 (16.20) | 78.03 (15.21) | 79.34 (15.65) | 82.02 (15.79) | 85.15 (17.18) | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 123.12 (18.63) | 122.37 (18.77) | 123.36 (18.51) | 123.58 (19.21) | 123.17 (18.03) | 0.612 |
| DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 63.82 (11.43) | 63.21 (10.93) | 63.78 (11.51) | 64.17 (11.50) | 64.14 (11.76) | 0.321 |
| SpO2, %, mean (SD) | 97.27 (2.02) | 97.35 (1.65) | 97.28 (1.83) | 97.28 (2.26) | 97.18 (2.26) | 0.435 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| CHD, n (%) | 1618 (53.5) | 403 (53.3) | 384 (50.9) | 434 (57.3) | 397 (52.4) | 0.080 |
| HF, n (%) | 879 (29.0) | 216 (28.6) | 209 (27.7) | 218 (28.8) | 236 (31.2) | 0.483 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1611 (53.2) | 386 (51.1) | 424 (56.2) | 408 (53.8) | 393 (51.9) | 0.198 |
| AF, n (%) | 724 (23.9) | 207 (27.4) | 186 (24.6) | 182 (24.0) | 149 (19.7) | 0.005 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 689 (22.8) | 153 (20.2) | 176 (23.3) | 175 (23.1) | 185 (24.4) | 0.248 |
| DM, n (%) | 828 (27.4) | 68 (9.0) | 135 (17.9) | 235 (31.0) | 390 (51.5) | < 0.001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 45 (1.5) | 8 (1.1) | 5 (0.7) | 16 (2.1) | 16 (2.1) | 0.037 |
| RF, n (%) | 481 (15.9) | 73 (9.7) | 96 (12.7) | 135 (17.8) | 177 (23.4) | < 0.001 |
| LD, n (%) | 143 (4.7) | 21 (2.8) | 36 (4.8) | 39 (5.1) | 47 (6.2) | 0.016 |
| AKIa, n (%) | 1547 (51.1) | 345 (45.6) | 345 (45.7) | 412 (54.4) | 445 (58.8) | < 0.001 |
| CKD, n (%) | 310 (10.2) | 71 (9.4) | 58 (7.7) | 75 (9.9) | 106 (14.0) | 0.001 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 162 (5.4) | 24 (3.2) | 32 (4.2) | 40 (5.3) | 66 (8.7) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 360 (11.9) | 98 (13.0) | 103 (13.6) | 88 (11.6) | 71 (9.4) | 0.054 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||||
| WBC, K/µL, mean (SD) | 11.75 (5.88) | 10.65 (4.75) | 11.50 (6.86) | 12.01 (5.29) | 12.85 (6.18) | < 0.001 |
| RBC, m/µL, mean (SD) | 4.19 (0.73) | 4.17 (0.68) | 4.21 (0.71) | 4.17 (0.75) | 4.20 (0.78) | 0.568 |
| Platelet, K/µL, mean (SD) | 252.91 (110.48) | 245.85 (110.86) | 254.08 (109.33) | 255.96 (109.13) | 255.75 (112.49) | 0.236 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean (SD) | 12.69 (2.15) | 12.69 (2.00) | 12.77 (2.15) | 12.64 (2.22) | 12.67 (2.24) | 0.645 |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 4.20 (0.81) | 4.19 (0.82) | 4.18 (0.78) | 4.16 (0.72) | 4.29 (0.89) | 0.007 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 138.43 (4.58) | 138.30 (4.74) | 138.69 (4.29) | 138.57 (4.13) | 138.15 (5.10) | 0.084 |
| TC, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 163.17 (54.46) | 151.66 (42.60) | 160.83 (46.99) | 165.97 (47.13) | 175.50 (74.60) | < 0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 143.99 (168.28) | 66.55 (21.27) | 104.21 (74.80) | 138.64 (48.33) | 266.35 (286.95) | < 0.001 |
| LDL, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 91.57 (40.10) | 86.06 (35.61) | 94.04 (40.53) | 95.14 (40.98) | 91.17 (42.83) | < 0.001 |
| HDL, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 45.78 (16.71) | 52.62 (18.01) | 46.43 (14.84) | 43.82 (14.89) | 39.42 (16.10) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 6.43 (1.59) | 5.86 (0.82) | 5.97 (0.79) | 6.31 (1.27) | 7.63 (2.32) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 162.37 (105.57) | 128.03 (45.85) | 138.73 (47.71) | 159.99 (77.66) | 222.79 (169.83) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL, mean (SD) | 3.43 (0.64) | 3.49 (0.59) | 3.47 (0.65) | 3.40 (0.63) | 3.38 (0.67) | 0.013 |
| Ucr, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 97.90 (71.45) | 93.62 (67.53) | 100.90 (66.69) | 100.79 (76.90) | 96.48 (72.77) | 0.745 |
| Scr, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 1.30 (1.24) | 1.19 (1.06) | 1.19 (1.09) | 1.29 (1.31) | 1.51 (1.45) | < 0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 24.31 (17.61) | 21.94 (12.78) | 22.66 (17.55) | 24.74 (16.94) | 27.91 (21.49) | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 5.66 (2.86) | 5.74 (2.89) | 4.93 (1.90) | 5.58 (3.05) | 6.01 (3.10) | 0.377 |
| TyG index, mean (SD) | 9.16 (0.74) | 8.30 (0.33) | 8.87 (0.12) | 9.32 (0.15) | 10.13 (0.49) | < 0.001 |
| Events | ||||||
| LOS ICU, days, mean (SD) | 4.28 (6.08) | 3.68 (6.38) | 3.78 (5.35) | 4.16 (4.95) | 5.49 (7.21) | < 0.001 |
| LOS Hospital, days, mean (SD) | 8.71 (10.12) | 7.68 (8.71) | 7.83 (8.58) | 8.82 (9.71) | 10.50 (12.68) | < 0.001 |
| ICU death, n (%) | 258 (8.5) | 42 (5.6) | 59 (7.8) | 77 (10.2) | 80 (10.6) | 0.001 |
| Hospital death, n (%) | 350 (11.6) | 57 (7.5) | 85 (11.3) | 102 (13.5) | 106 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
| Follow-up death, n (%) | 1148 (37.9) | 265 (35.1) | 270 (35.8) | 306 (40.4) | 307 (40.6) | 0.040 |
TyG index: Q1 (6.23–8.65), Q2 (8.65–9.08), Q3 (9.08–9.59), Q4 (9.59–12.43)
TyG index triglyceride glucose index, BMI body mass index, ICU intensive care unit, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, LODS logistic organ dysfunction system, OASIS Oxford acute severity of illness, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome, APSIII acute physiology score III, SAPSII simplified acute physiological score II, CCU coronary care unit, CSRU cardiac surgery recovery unit, MICU medical intensive care unit, SICU surgical intensive care unit, TSICU trauma/surgical intensive care unit, HR heart rate, bmp beats per minute, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, SpO2 pulse blood oxygen saturation, CHD coronary heart disease, HF heart failure, AF atrial fibrillation, DM diabetes mellitus, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, RF respiratory failure, LD liver disease, AKI acute kidney injury, CKD chronic kidney disease, WBC white blood cell, RBC red blood cell, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, Ucr urine creatinine, Scr serum creatinine, BUN blood urea nitrogen, LOS length of stay
aAKI was defined according to KDIGO guidelines as an increase in serum creatinine (Scr) by ≥ 0.3 mg/dL (≥ 26.5 μmol/L) from baseline within 48 h