Table 1.
Patient baseline characteristics stratified according to median HbA1c and insulin use at baseline
| Baseline HbA1ca | Baseline insulin use | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <7.5% (n = 2,794) | ≥7.5% (n = 2,869)b | No (n = 2,037) | Yes (n = 3,637) | |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 66.2 ± 9.3 | 65.0 ± 8.8 | 66.4 ± 9.4 | 65.1 ± 8.9 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 2,073 (74.2) | 1,904 (66.4) | 1,469 (72.1) | 2,514 (69.1) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White | 1,732 (62.0) | 1,855 (64.7) | 1,244 (61.1) | 2,348 (64.6) |
| Black/African American | 110 (3.9) | 153 (5.3) | 79 (3.9) | 185 (5.1) |
| Asian | 801 (28.7) | 636 (22.2) | 613 (30.1) | 827 (22.7) |
| Otherc | 151 (5.4) | 225 (7.8) | 101 (5.0) | 277 (7.6) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 137.6 ± 14.5 | 138.5 ± 14.3 | 137.2 ± 14.4 | 138.5 ± 14.3d |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 75.5 ± 9.8 | 76.2 ± 9.5 | 76.4 ± 9.7 | 75.5 ± 9.6d |
| Duration of diabetes, years, mean ± SD | 15.0 ± 8.8 | 18.1 ± 8.4 | 13.0 ± 8.0 | 18.6 ± 8.6 |
| HbA1c, %, mean ± SD (mmol/mol) | 6.6 ± 0.6 (48.6) | 8.7 ± 1.0 (71.6) | 7.0 ± 1.1e (53.0) | 8.0 ± 1.3d (63.9) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean ± SD | 44.0 ± 12.5 | 44.7 ± 12.6 | 45.1 ± 12.5 | 43.9 ± 12.6 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | ||||
| <25 | 66 (2.4) | 69 (2.4) | 41 (2.0) | 94 (2.6) |
| 25 to <45 | 1,506 (53.9) | 1,469 (51.2) | 1,035 (50.8) | 1,946 (53.5) |
| 45 to <60 | 923 (33.0) | 974 (33.9) | 716 (35.1) | 1,184 (32.6) |
| ≥60 | 299 (10.7) | 357 (12.4) | 245 (12.0) | 411 (11.3) |
| UACR, mg/g, median (IQR) | 835 (445–1,567) | 864 (447–1,693) | 784 (443–1,482)f | 884 (448–1,715) |
| UACR, mg/g, n (%) | ||||
| <30 | 7 (0.3) | 16 (0.6) | 4 (0.2) | 19 (0.5) |
| 30 to <300 | 342 (12.2) | 343 (12.0) | 233 (11.4) | 452 (12.4) |
| ≥300 | 2,445 (87.5) | 2,509 (87.5) | 1,799 (88.3) | 3,164 (87.0) |
| Missing data | 1 (<0.1) | 2 (<0.1) | ||
| Serum potassium, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 4.35 ± 0.46 | 4.39 ± 0.46 | 4.35 ± 0.45 | 4.38 ± 0.46 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 30.4 ± 5.9 | 31.8 ± 6.0 | 30.1 ± 5.7e | 31.7 ± 6.1 |
| History of CVD, n (%) | 1,233 (44.1) | 1,368 (47.7) | 836 (41.0) | 1,769 (48.6) |
| History of diabetic retinopathy | 1,156 (41.4) | 1,501 (52.3) | 697 (34.2) | 1,966 (54.1) |
| History of diabetic neuropathy | 591 (21.2) | 861 (30.0) | 349 (17.1) | 1,105 (30.4) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 436 (15.6) | 368 (12.8) | 324 (15.9) | 482 (13.3) |
| Baseline medications, n (%) | ||||
| ACE inhibitors | 914 (32.7) | 1,022 (35.6) | 664 (32.6) | 1,278 (35.1) |
| ARBs | 1,875 (67.1) | 1,845 (64.3) | 1,367 (67.1) | 2,358 (64.8) |
| β-Blockers | 1,428 (51.1) | 1,535 (53.5) | 989 (48.6) | 1,979 (54.4) |
| Diuretics | 1,529 (54.7) | 1,681 (58.6) | 1,055 (51.8) | 2,159 (59.4) |
| Statins | 2,023 (72.4) | 2,182 (76.1) | 1,458 (71.6) | 2,757 (75.8) |
| Glucose-lowering therapies | 2,672 (95.6) | 2,842 (99.1) | 1,887 (92.6) | 3,637 (100) |
| Insulin and analogs | 1,353 (48.4) | 2,279 (79.4) | 0 | 3,637 (100) |
| Metformin | 1,264 (45.2) | 1,219 (42.5) | 1,146 (56.3) | 1,344 (37.0) |
| Sulfonylureas | 687 (24.6) | 639 (22.3) | 909 (44.6) | 418 (11.5) |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 833 (29.8) | 686 (23.9) | 782 (38.4) | 740 (20.3) |
| GLP-1RAs | 158 (5.7) | 235 (8.2) | 11 (5.4) | 283 (7.8) |
| SGLT-2is | 100 (3.6) | 159 (5.5) | 86 (4.2) | 173 (4.8) |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 173 (6.2) | 151 (5.3) | 137 (6.7) | 187 (5.1) |
| Meglitinides | 189 (6.8) | 133 (4.6) | 167 (8.2) | 156 (4.3) |
| TZDs | 124 (4.4) | 105 (3.7) | 135 (6.6) | 94 (2.6) |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; IQR, interquartile range; TZD, thiazolidinedione.
a
Missing data for 11 patients (finerenone, n = 7; placebo, n = 4).
b
Missing data for 1 patient with HbA1c ≥7.5% at baseline.
c
Includes patients reporting multiple races.
d
Missing data for 5 patients.
e
Missing data for 6 patients.
f
Missing data for 1 patient.