Table 2.
Association between cord 5-methoxytryptophol (5-MTX) and ASD (any), ADHD (without ASD), and other DD (without ASD).
| ASD (n = 87) | ADHD (n = 269) | Other DD (n = 314) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n | ND n | N | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusteda OR (95% CI) | n | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusteda OR (95% CI) | n | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusteda OR (95% CI) | |
| 5 -MTX | |||||||||||
| Continuousb | 996 | 326 | 87 | 0.49 (0.37, 0.65) | 0.56 (0.41, 0.77) | 269 | 0.77 (0.65, 0.91) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.96) | 314 | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.31) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 249 | 60 | 44 | Ref | Ref | 89 | Ref | Ref | 56 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2–Q4 | 747 | 266 | 43 | 0.22 (0.13, 0.37) | 0.27 (0.14, 0.49) | 180 | 0.46 (0.31, 0.67) | 0.45 (0.29, 0.70) | 258 | 1.04 (0.69, 1.55) | 1.21 (0.78, 1.87) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 249 | 60 | 44 | Ref | Ref | 76 | Ref | Ref | 41 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | 249 | 94 | 12 | 0.17 (0.09, 0.36) | 0.19 (0.08, 0.44) | 61 | 0.44 (0.28, 0.69) | 0.42 (0.24, 0.72) | 82 | 0.93 (0.58, 1.49) | 1.03 (0.62, 1.70) |
| Q3 | 249 | 93 | 14 | 0.21 (0.10, 0.41) | 0.29 (0.13, 0.66) | 48 | 0.35 (0.22, 0.56) | 0.31 (0.17, 0.54) | 94 | 1.08 (0.68, 1.72) | 1.40 (0.85, 2.32) |
| Q4 | 249 | 79 | 17 | 0.29 (0.15, 0.56) | 0.34 (0.16, 0.75) | 71 | 0.61 (0.38, 0.96) | 0.66 (0.38, 1.13) | 82 | 1.11 (0.69, 1.79) | 1.24 (0.74, 2.06) |
| Tryptophan | |||||||||||
| Continuousb | 996 | 326 | 87 | 0.92 (0.73, 1.16) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.22) | 269 | 1.21 (1.03, 1.42) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.51) | 314 | 0.96 (0.83, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 249 | 83 | 26 | Ref | Ref | 53 | Ref | Ref | 87 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2–Q4 | 747 | 243 | 61 | 0.80 (0.48, 1.35) | 0.77 (0.40, 1.46) | 216 | 1.39 (0.94, 2.06) | 1.59 (1.01, 2.50) | 227 | 0.89 (0.63, 1.27) | 0.81 (0.56, 1.19) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 249 | 83 | 26 | Ref | Ref | 53 | Ref | Ref | 87 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | 249 | 91 | 14 | 0.49 (0.24, 1.00) | 0.49 (0.21, 1.14) | 65 | 1.12 (0.70, 1.79) | 1.35 (0.78, 2.32) | 79 | 0.83 (0.54, 1.27) | 0.79 (0.50, 1.24) |
| Q3 | 249 | 72 | 34 | 1.51 (0.83, 2.75) | 1.33 (0.63, 2.81) | 69 | 1.50 (0.93, 2.42) | 1.72 (0.98, 3.01) | 74 | 0.98 (0.63, 1.53) | 0.83 (0.51, 1.34) |
| Q4 | 249 | 80 | 13 | 0.52 (0.25, 1.08) | 0.56 (0.24, 1.33) | 82 | 1.61 (1.01, 2.55) | 1.74 (1.02, 2.98) | 74 | 0.88 (0.57, 1.37) | 0.83 (0.52, 1.33) |
| 5-hydroxytryptophan | |||||||||||
| Continuousb | 996 | 326 | 87 | 1.27 (0.98, 1.64) | 1.28 (0.96, 1.73) | 269 | 1.36 (1.14, 1.62) | 1.32 (1.08. 1.61) | 314 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.20) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 250 | 92 | 18 | Ref | Ref | 49 | Ref | Ref | 91 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2-Q4 | 746 | 234 | 69 | 1.51 (0.85, 2.67) | 1.86 (0.94, 3.69) | 220 | 1.77 (1.19, 2.61) | 1.94 (1.24, 3.05) | 223 | 0.96 (0.68, 1.36) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.28) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 250 | 92 | 18 | Ref | Ref | 49 | Ref | Ref | 73 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | 248 | 79 | 24 | 1.55 (0.79, 3.07) | 2.15 (0.94, 4.87) | 68 | 1.62 (1.01, 2.60) | 2.04 (1.18, 3.53) | 66 | 0.99 (0.64, 1.51) | 0.96 (0.61, 1.52) |
| Q3 | 249 | 85 | 25 | 1.50 (0.77, 2.95) | 1.81 (0.80, 4.08) | 65 | 1.44 (0.89, 2.31) | 1.59 (0.92, 2.73) | 59 | 0.88 (0.58, 1.35) | 0.85 (0.54, 1.34) |
| Q4 | 249 | 70 | 20 | 1.46 (0.72, 2.97) | 1.65 (0.71, 3.84) | 87 | 2.33 (1.46, 3.73) | 2.29 (1.33, 3.95) | 63 | 1.04 (0.67, 1.61) | 0.85 (0.53, 1.36) |
| Serotonin | |||||||||||
| Continuousb | 996 | 326 | 87 | 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) | 1.18 (0.89, 1.58) | 269 | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.34) | 314 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.04) | 0.87 (0.73, 1.04) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 249 | 75 | 17 | Ref | Ref | 60 | Ref | Ref | 97 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2–Q4 | 747 | 251 | 70 | 1.23 (0.68, 2.22) | 1.36 (0.65, 2.86) | 209 | 1.04 (0.71, 1.53) | 1.12 (0.72, 1.76) | 217 | 0.67 (0.47, 0.95) | 0.65 (0.45, 0.96) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 249 | 75 | 17 | Ref | Ref | 60 | Ref | Ref | 97 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | 249 | 81 | 23 | 1.25 (0.62, 2.53) | 1.40 (0.59, 3.31) | 64 | 0.99 (0.62, 1.58) | 0.97 (0.56, 1.68) | 81 | 0.77 (0.50, 1.19) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.20) |
| Q3 | 249 | 95 | 22 | 1.02 (0.51, 2.06) | 1.22 (0.51, 2.92) | 74 | 0.97 (0.62, 1.54) | 1.04 (0.61, 1.79) | 58 | 0.57 (0.30, 0.74) | 0.48 (0.30, 0.78) |
| Q4 | 249 | 75 | 25 | 1.47 (0.73, 2.94) | 1.46 (0.62, 3.44) | 71 | 1.18 (0.74, 1.89) | 1.41 (0.82, 2.43) | 78 | 0.80 (0.52, 1.25) | 0.76 (0.47, 1.22) |
| N-acetyltryptophan | |||||||||||
| Continuousb | 996 | 326 | 87 | 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 269 | 1.34 (1.14, 1.57) | 1.27 (1.05, 1.53) | 314 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.25) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 249 | 99 | 17 | Ref | Ref | 56 | Ref | Ref | 77 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2–Q4 | 747 | 227 | 70 | 1.80 (1.01, 3.21) | 1.51 (0.77, 2.96) | 213 | 1.66 (1.14, 2.42) | 1.78 (1.14, 2.77) | 237 | 1.34 (0.95, 1.90) | 1.14 (0.79, 1.66) |
| Quartiles | |||||||||||
| Q1 | 249 | 99 | 17 | Ref | Ref | 56 | Ref | Ref | 77 | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | 249 | 81 | 20 | 1.44 (0.71, 2.93) | 1.20 (0.52, 2.80) | 59 | 1.29 (0.81, 2.06) | 1.60 (0.93, 2.76) | 89 | 1.41 (0.93, 2.16) | 1.21 (0.77, 1.90) |
| Q3 | 249 | 68 | 27 | 2.31 (1.17, 4.57) | 2.56 (1.13, 5.81) | 74 | 1.92 (1.21, 3.06) | 2.09 (1.21, 3.61) | 80 | 1.51 (0.97, 2.35) | 1.36 (0.85, 2.17) |
| Q4 | 249 | 78 | 23 | 1.72 (0.86, 3.44) | 1.15 (0.51, 2.59) | 80 | 1.81 (1.15, 2.85) | 1.69 (0.99, 2.88) | 68 | 1.12 (0.72, 1.74) | 0.87 (0.54, 1.41) |
ASD autism spectrum disorder, ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, DD developmental disabilities, 5-MTX 5-methoxytryptophol.
aAdjusted for maternal age, maternal education, parity, smoking status, diabetes, BMI, race/ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, others), preterm status and year of birth.
bCord 5-MTX was normalized using the rank-based inverse normal transformation, which is similar to Z Scores.
A Bonferroni correction resulted in a significance level of P < 0.01.