Table 2.
Unadjusted Associations with Geriatric Conditions and Participant Characteristics with Healthcare Utilisationa
| Baseline Characteristics | Unadjusted Rates of Hospitalisation and ER Visits Per Person-year (95% Confidence Interval)a | Incidence-Rate Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)a,b |
|---|---|---|
| Dependent in ≥ 1 IADL | ||
| No | 0.38 (0.31, 0.45) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 0.69 (0.61, 0.77) | 1.82 (1.44, 2.29) |
| Dependent in ≥ 1 ADL | ||
| No | 0.55 (0.48, 0.61) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 0.67 (0.51, 0.83) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.60) |
| Fall(s) in past year | ||
| No | 0.46 (0.39, 0.53) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 0.69 (0.59, 0.79) | 1.49 (1.21, 1.83) |
| Cognitive impairment (MoCA <26 c ) | ||
| No | 0.59 (0.51, 0.66) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 0.52 (0.43, 0.62) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.12) |
| Low social support, LSNS ≤ 12 d | ||
| No | 0.61 (0.51, 0.70) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes | 0.53 (0.46, 0.61) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.08) |
| Age, in years (continuous) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | |
| Age, in years | ||
| 50–54 | 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 55–59 | 0.43 (0.35, 0.50) | 0.52 (0.41, 0.66) |
| ≥60 | 0.47 (0.37, 0.58) | 0.58 (0.44, 0.75) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 0.47 (0.41, 0.53) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Female | 0.97 (0.80, 1.15) | 2.07 (1.66, 2.58) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Non-Latinx/Hispanic | 0.59 (0.53, 0.66) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Latinx/Hispanic | 0.40 (0.27, 0.53) | 0.68 (0.48–0.95) |
| Race | ||
| White | 0.39 (0.33, 0.46) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Non-white | 0.73 (0.63, 0.82) | 1.84 (1.48–2.28) |
| Education level | ||
| Less than high school | 0.64 (0.54, 0.74) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| High school | 0.59 (0.50, 0.69) | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) |
| College | 0.40 (0.24, 0.55) | 0.62 (0.41–0.94) |
| Graduate degree | 0.31 (0.17, 0.45) | 0.49 (0.30–0.79) |
| Annual income | ||
| ≤ $10,000 | 0.46 (0.37, 0.54) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| $10,001–$20,000 | 0.69 (0.59, 0.79) | 1.52 (1.20, 1.93) |
| ≥ $20,001 | 0.48 (0.35, 0.60) | 1.04 (0.75, 1.45) |
| Mental health diagnosis | ||
| None | 0.42 (0.33, 0.50) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Present | 0.66 (0.58, 0.74) | 1.59 (1.26–2.00) |
| Substance use disorder | ||
| None | 0.40 (0.34, 0.46) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Present | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 2.40 (1.95–2.95) |
| VACS index (continuous) e | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (continuous) f | 1.30 (1.21, 1.40) | |
| Charlson categories | ||
| 0 | 0.33 (0.25, 0.42) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 1–2 | 0.60 (0.52, 0.68) | 1.82 (1.37, 2.41) |
| 3+ | 0.85 (0.67–1.02) | 2.54 (1.83, 3.53) |
| CD4 T-cell count continuous (cells/mm 3 ) g | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | |
| CD4 count <200 | 0.42 (0.25, 0.59) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.11) |
| CD4 count ≥200 | 0.57 (0.51, 0.64) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Viral suppression | ||
| Undetectable viral load (<40 copies/mL) | 0.52 (0.46, 0.58) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Detectable viral load (>40 copies/mL) | 0.74 (0.60, 0.89) | 1.43 (1.14–1.81) |
* N = 192 except 11 participants had missing annual income; 13 participants had missing mental health data, 11 participants were missing VACS index; 4 participants had missing CD4 count aHealthcare Utilisation defined as ER visits and hospitalisations; Univariate Poisson regression models were used to estimate rates of hospitalisation and ER visits per person-year and incidence-rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals. In each model, follow-up time was used as an exposure to account for censoring due to lost to follow-up or death; bText in bold indicates statistically significant results;
cMoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; dLSNS = Lubben Social Network Scale;
eVACS Index which includes age, race, gender, CD4 count, HIV viral load and markers of comorbidity—hepatitis C status, haemoglobin, liver and renal function, reported per 1 unit increase in score;
fWe utilised the Charlson Comorbidity Index score adjusted for HIV/AIDS, continuous reported per 1 unit increase in score, categories correspond to mild (0–1) and moderate/severe (3–4 and 5+) comorbidity;
gReported per 100 unit increase in CD4 count.