Table 2.

Final Multivariable Model of Vaccine Resources, Practices, and Attitudes in Rural vs. Urban Adolescent Healthcare Providers, 2019

	Rural	Urban	Multivariable adjusted odds ratio (95% CI, p) of rural vs. urban provider status
Clinic environment resources
Evening or weekend adolescent vaccination appointments available
Yes	41 (30%)	189 (63%)	0.21 (0.12, 0.36), p < .001
No or unknown	94 (70%)	113 (37%)	ref
Standing orders to administer all recommended adolescent vaccine
Yes	104 (77%)	155 (51%)	2.81 (1.61, 4.91), p < .001
No or unknown	31 (23%)	147 (49%)	ref
Personal practices
Worked on a prior adolescent vaccine quality improvement project
Yes	23 (17%)	92 (31%)	0.52 (0.28, 0.98), p = .043
No or unknown	112 (83%)	210 (70%)	ref
Provide HPV vaccine information before it is due
Yes	46 (34%)	60 (20%)	3.10 (1.68, 5.71), p < .001
No or unknown	89 (66%)	242 (80%)	ref
Almost always recommend HPV vaccine during urgent care visit
Yes	17 (13%)	66 (22%)	0.37 (0.18, 0.79), p = .009
Do not do urgent care visits	6 (4%)	24 (8%)	0.38 (0.12, 1.23), p = .106
No	112 (83%)	212 (70%)	ref

Multivariable odds ratios adjusted for all included exposures in the final model, plus provider specialty, number of providers at their practice site, and the proportion of adolescent patients on Medicaid