Fig. 6.

In vivo neovascularization and osteogenesis in rat calvarial defects. In vivo mRNA expression of a) BMP-2, b) OCN, and c) Runx2 and d) in vivo ALP activity after 8 weeks. Immunohistochemistry staining of e) ALP (green) with nuclei (blue) and f) CD31 (red) with nuclei (blue) in untreated rat cranial defects (Control) or defected implanted with various stem cell spheroids after 8 weeks. Quantified fluorescence intensity of g) ALP and h) CD31 marker. i) Schematic demonstration of in vivo osteogenesis and neovascular formation in the defect area.