Table 1.

Crude and adjusted odds of non-adherence to lockdown. Odds ratios were adjusted for the demographic dimensions (i.e. gender, age group, education and region)^a.

Dimension	Crude OR	95% CI	Adjusted OR	95% CI
Demographic dimension (N = 132,888)
Gender (Ref. Female)	1.51	[1.44; 1.58]	1.43	[1.36; 1.50]
Age group, in years (Ref. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25)
26–65	0.83	[0.77; 0.90]	0.87	[0.80; 0.94]
>65	1.01	[0.90; 1.14]	0.94	[0.83; 1.06]
Region (Ref. Lisbon and Tagus Valley)
North	1.07	[1.01; 1.14]	1.05	[0.99; 1.11]
Centre	1.19	[1.12; 1.28]	1.16	[1.08; 1.24]
Alentejo	1.14	[1.02; 1.28]	1.11	[0.99; 1.25]
Algarve	1.11	[0.98; 1.26]	1.08	[0.96; 1.23]
Azores	1.19	[1.05; 1.36]	1.12	[0.98; 1.27]
Madeira	0.85	[0.72; 1.02]	0.85	[0.71; 1.01]
Education (Ref. Basic/No education)
Secondary	0.67	[0.62; 0.73]	0.69	[0.63; 0.75]
University	0.44	[0.41; 0.48]	0.48	[0.44; 0.52]
Social dimension (N = 130,119)
Living alone (Ref. No)	1.23	[1.15;1,32]	1.27	[1.18; 1.36]
Living with the elderly or people with chronic illness (Ref. No)	0.98	[0.93; 1.03]	1.01	[0.95; 1.06]
Living with a high-infection-risk professional (Ref. No)	1.31	[1.23; 1.40]	1.35	[1.26; 1.44]
Social support in case of infection (Ref. Yes)
None	1.53	[1.27; 1.84]	1.44	[1.19; 1.74]
Unsure	1.13	[0.97; 1.32]	1.10	[0.94; 1.28]
Not needed	1.29	[1.05; 1.58]	1.26	[1.02; 1.55]
Other	1.25	[1.05; 1.48]	1.22	[1.02; 1.46]
Labour dimension (N = 99,574)
Monthly household income (Ref. <650€)
651–1000€	0.83	[0.74; 0.93]	0.81	[0.72; 0.91]
1001–1500€	0.59	[0.53; 0.66]	0.62	[0.55; 0.70]
1501–2000€	0.51	[0.45; 0.57]	0.57	[0.51; 0.65]
2001–2500€	0.46	[0.41; 0.53]	0.53	[0.47; 0.61]
> 2501€	0.48	[0.42; 0.53]	0.57	[0.51; 0.65]
Unknown	0.71	[0.59; 0.85]	0.85	[0.70; 1.04]
Fear of losing income (Ref. Not concerned)
Slightly concerned	0.74	[0.68; 0.81]	0.83	[0.76; 0.91]
Concerned	0.88	[0.81; 0.95]	0.95	[0.88; 1.04]
Very concerned	0.91	[0.84; 0.98]	0.97	[0.88; 1.05]
Occupation (Ref. Worker)
Self-employed	0.81	[0.75; 0.87]	0.93	[0.86; 1.01]
Homemaker	0.94	[0.58; 1.54]	1.01	[0.60; 1.72]
Retired	1.18	[0.92; 1.52]	1.83	[1.40; 2.40]
Unemployed	0.89	[0.69; 1.15]	1.05	[0.79; 1.41]
Student	0.99	[0.88; 1.14]	1.69	[1.43; 1.99]
Other	1.06	[0.95; 1.19]	1.08	[0.95; 1.22]
Working mode (Ref. Remote work)
At workplace	4.75	[4.48; 5.04]	4.80	[4.47; 5.15]
Suspended professional activity	1.32	[1.22; 1.43]	1.23	[1.12; 1.34]
High-infection-risk professional (Ref. No)	1.96	[1.85; 2.08]	0.92	[0.86; 0.99]
Health dimension (N = 129,691)
Number of comorbidities (Ref. 0)
1	1.04	[0.98; 1.10]	0.98	[0.93; 1.04]
≥2	1.08	[0.95; 1.21]	0.90	[0.79; 1.02]
Frequency of agitation, sadness or anxiety (Ref. Never)
Some days	0.84	[0.79; 0.89]	0.87	[0.89; 0.93]
Almost every day	1.02	[0.95; 1.10]	1.03	[0.95; 1.12]
Every day	1.22	[1.12; 1.33]	1.22	[1.12; 1.33]
Perception of health status (Ref. Very bad)
Bad	0.60	[0.35; 1.01]	0.72	[0.40; 1.28]
Reasonable	0.44	[0.27; 0.71]	0.56	[0.32; 0.96]
Good	0.37	[0.23; 0.61]	0.50	[0.29; 0.86]
Very good	0.35	[0.22; 0.58]	0.49	[0.28; 0.84]
Perceptions dimension (N = 126,301)
Perception of the importance of the measures implemented by health authorities (Ref. Not important)
Not very important	0.63	[0.46; 0.86]	0.76	[0.54; 1.07]
Important	0.48	[0.36; 0.64]	0.75	[0.54; 1.02]
Very important	0.25	[0.19; 0.34]	0.44	[0.33; 0.61]
Perception of the adequacy of measures implemented by the government (Ref. Not adequate)
Not very adequate	0.44	[0.38; 0.50]	0.67	[0.56; 0.79]
Adequate	0.32	[0.28; 0.37]	0.64	[0.54; 0.76]
Very adequate	0.29	[0.25; 0.34]	0.61	[0.50; 0.74]
Confidence in the government's response to the pandemic (Ref. Not confident)
Not very confident	0.60	[0.54; 0.65]	0.86	[0.77; 0.97]
Confident	0.47	[0.43; 0.52]	0.81	[0.71; 0.92]
Very confident	0.49	[0.44; 0.56]	0.83	[0.70; 0.98]
Confidence in the capacity of health services to respond to the pandemic (Ref. Not confident)
Not very confident	0.64	[0.57; 0.71]	0.91	[0.80; 1.04]
Confident	0.61	[0.55; 0.67]	1.00	[0.88; 1.15]
Very confident	0.69	[0.60; 0.78]	1.12	[0.96; 1.31]
Self-perceived risk to get COVID-19 infection (Ref. Low/No risk)
Moderate	1.34	[1.25; 1.41]	1.38	[1.29; 1.47]
High	2.40	[2.25; 2.57]	2.37	[2.21; 2.55]
Unknown	1.21	[1.11; 1.32]	1.22	[1.10; 1.35]
Self-perceived risk to develop severe disease (Ref. Low/No risk)
Moderate	1.14	[1.07; 1.20]	1.00	[0.94; 1.06]
High	1.36	[1.28; 1.45]	0.97	[0.90; 1.05]
Unknown	1.05	[0.97; 1.14]	0.95	[0.86; 1.04]
Perceived risk to the population (Ref. Low/No risk)
Moderate	0.43	[0.35; 0.53]	0.50	[0.41; 0.62]
High	0.40	[0.33; 0.48]	0.45	[0.36; 0.55]
Unknown	0.43	[0.33; 0.55]	0.52	[0.39; 0.69]

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aBold indicates significant result.