Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants at pre-treatment (n = 85)
| Adolescent Characteristics | M (SD) or n (%) |
|
| |
| Age, M (SD) years | 15.5 (1.5) |
| Sex at birth, n (%) female | 65 (77) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) Hispanic/Latino | 13 (15) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| American Indian/AK Native | 5 (6) |
| Black | 4 (5) |
| East Asian | 4 (5) |
| Latin American | 7 (8) |
| South Asian | 3 (4) |
| White | 77 (91) |
| More than one race | 16 (18) |
| Years Since Pain Onset, M (SD) | 3.5 (2.6) |
| Pain Location, n (%) | |
| Abdomen | 42 (49) |
| Head | 57 (67) |
| Musculoskeletal | 68 (80) |
| Multi-site | 62 (73) |
| Pain Frequency, n (%) | |
| Daily | 57 (67) |
| Weekly | 22 (26) |
| Monthly | 4 (5) |
| Not reported | 2 (2) |
| Concomitant treatments, n (%)* | |
| Psychologist | 50 (59) |
| Primary or specialty physician | 73 (86) |
| Physical therapy/chiropractor | 65 (76) |
| Acupuncture/naturopath | 19 (22) |
| Prescription medications (e.g., antidepressants, anticonvulsants) | 15 (18) |
| Sleep medications (i.e., melatonin) | 1 (< 1) |
| Opioids | 0 (0) |
|
| |
| Parent Characteristics | M (SD) or n (%) |
|
| |
| Ethnicity, n (%) Hispanic/Latino | 9 (11) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| American Indian/AK Native | 3 (4) |
| Black | 2 (2) |
| East Asian | 1 (1) |
| Latin American | 5 (6) |
| South Asian | 2 (2) |
| White | 79 (92) |
| More than one race | 6 (7) |
| Education, n (%) | |
| High school or less | 4 (5) |
| College or vocational school | 60 (70) |
| Graduate or professional school | 20 (24) |
| Not reported | 1 (1) |
| Annual Household Income, n (%) | |
| $49,999 or less | 24 (28) |
| $50,000 – $99,999 | 25 (29) |
| $100,000 or more | 35 (41) |
| Not reported | 1 (1) |
*
categories are not mutually exclusive