Figure 3.

Genetic and prenatal factors cause cerebellar malformations. The cumulative genetic and prenatal injury rates associated with cerebellar malformations are depicted as stacked bar graphs. The prenatal injury rate is constant among cerebellar malformation types, but genetic rates vary among cerebellar malformation diagnoses. Exome sequencing is nondiagnostic for Dandy-Walker malformation among the patients tested. Here, cerebellar hypoplasia is used as a catchall term for cerebellar malformation types that are not Dandy-Walker malformation. Data are based on published exome sequencing, review of prenatal history, and review of neuroimaging (Aldinger et al. 2019).