Table 2.

Effects of IL-13 On Epithelial Innate, Barrier, and Antiviral Immunity

Effect	Findings	Reference
PGE2 Generation	IL-13 reduces expression of PGE2 biosynthetic enzymes (COX-2 and PGE synthase 1), and upregulates PGE2 metabolizing enzymes (15-PG dehydrogenase), consistent with a reduction in PGE2 in the supernatants of IL-13-treated air liquid interface cultures derived from bronchial brushings.	Trudeau et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117(6):1446–54
Innate immunity	Using scRNA-seq and bulk sequencing of ALI cultures, this group demonstrated that IL-13 reduces transcripts encoding innate immune proteins such as S100A8, S100A9, SCGB1A1, BPIFA1, LTF, each of which was previously reported to be reduced in nasal polyposis.	Jackson et al. Cell Rep 2020;32(1): 107872
Antiviral responses	The same paper reported that while acute IL-13 stimulation of air-liquid interface cultures downregulates interferon signaling, ‘chronic’ 11-day stimulation increases it, highlighting the complex feedback networks existing between these pathways even in epithelial cells from control subjects.	Jackson et al. Cell Rep 2020;32(1): 107872
Antiviral responses	IL-13 reduces EpC expression of STING leading to impaired antiviral responses and enhanced IL-13 signaling.	Wang et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2020;147(5):1692–1703
Barrier function	IL-13 reduces tight junction proteins in lung cell lines grown in air-liquid interface cultures	Ahdieh et al. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001;281(6):C2029–38 Saatian et al, Tissue Barriers 2013;1(2):e2433