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The implication of autophagy in carcinogenesis. Autophagy may act as a powerful barrier to prevent transformation of normal cells into tumor cells. Upon autophagy deficiency, misfold proteins or dysfunctional organelles accumulates, which may cause genomic defects that accompanies transformation. On the other hand, autophagy acts as a mechanism for transformed cells to get adapted to various cellular stress responses, promote metastasis, and maintain tumor stemness
