FIGURE 4.

Pathogenesis of diabetes and the implication of autophagy in diabetes. (A) The schematic diagram of type I diabetes and type II diabetes; (B) the effects of insulin resistance and insulin secretion on β‐cell autophagy. Various stress and inflammatory responses to lipotoxicity can induce polyubiquitination of proteins and cytoplasmic aggregation of damaged organelles in β‐cells. Impaired autophagy leads to cellular dysfunction, affects insulin secretion, results in insulin resistance, and promotes diabetes progression